• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.733-738
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• 2004

Recently continuous welded rail is generally used to ensure running performances and to overcome the problems such as structural vulnerability and fastener damage at the rail expansion joint. Though the use of continuous welded rail on bridge has the advantage of decreasing the vibration and damage of rail, it still the risk of buckling and breaking of rail due to change of temperature, starting and/or breaking force, axial stress concentration and so on. So, VIC code and many methods has been developed by researchers considering rail-bridge interaction. Although there are many research concerning stability of continuous welded rail about temperature change on bridge and starting and/or breaking force, the study of continuous welded mil for earthquake load is still unsufficient. In this study, the nonlinear seismic response analysis of continuous welded rail on bridge considering soil-structure interaction, geotechnical characteristic of foundation and earthquake isolation equipment has been performed to examine the stability of continuous welded rail.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 1999년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Spring
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• pp.223-230
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• 1999

The seismic damage assessment to the postulated earthquake is attempted for the buildings in the model district of Seoul City. The capacity spectrum method is employed in which the vulnerability functions are expressed as functions of the spectral displacement. the database of the building stock is constructed and managed using Geographic Information System software. The model district is selected to represent the typical structural and residential characteristics of Seoul City The structural properties were collected from the design documents. The field inspections were carried out to find out the current status of the building. They are classified into 11 structural types. The fragility curves in HazUS are employed, The ground motions from the postulated earthquakes are simulated using the Boor's methods, The surface soil in the district is classified into 3 profiles using the depth as the parameter. The one-dimensional wave propagation method is used to calculate he filtered ground motion through surface soil layer. The average spectrum of this sample time histories is used as the demand curves. The calculated results are expressed in maps using GIS software ArcView 3.0a

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.114-133
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• 2013

본 연구는 비지정 문화유적이 제도권 내에서 보존되기 전까지 자연적인 훼손을 최소화하기 위한 기초연구로서 산림 내에 위치한 사지(寺址)에서 발생하는 자연적인 훼손 양상을 밝히고, 발생 원인에 대해 분석하였으며, 식생관리를 통한 저감방안을 모색하였다. 분석대상지는 다양한 피해 사례가 확인되는 삼천사지로 선정하였다. 사지에서 발생하는 자연적인 훼손은 발생 원인에 따라 크게 식생과 관련된 직접적인 유구 피해(식생), 식생과 간접적으로 관련이 있거나 여타 지형적 요인으로 인한 사지 전반에 대한 피해(지형), 산림작업 및 등산객 이용과 같이 식생과 간접적으로 관련이 있거나 식생환경 개선을 통해 저감할 수 있는 인위적 피해(인위)의 세 가지 유형으로 분류하였다. 식생에 의한 직접적인 피해는 입목의 뿌리에 의한 매장 유구 훼손, 수목 생장에 따른 석축 교란, 입목 전도에 의한 유구 파괴 및 사지 훼손, 기타 덩굴성 식물에 의한 훼손 등이 있으나, 일부는 버팀목이 되어 석축 붕괴를 막아주는 역할도 하였다. 환경변화에 의한 피해는 집중호우(홍수), 태풍으로 인해 토사유출 등이 발생하여 유구에 직접적인 피해를 주거나, 식생환경에 변화를 주어 사지에 2차 피해가 발생한 것으로, 이로 인해 지형 변화, 석축 유실 등이 주로 확인되었다. 인위적 피해는 산림작업에 의한 피해와 등산객 이용에 따른 답압 등이 있다. 이상과 같이 사지에서 발생하는 자연적 훼손에 대한 저감방안은 다음과 같이 고찰하였다. 1. 자연적 훼손의 대부분은 방치에 의한 지속적(遲速的)인 훼손으로 간벌을 통한 산림 밀도 조절, 유적 배면의 사방식재를 통한 토사유출 억제, 유구가 인접한 지역의 대교목 발생 억제를 위해 울폐도 조절을 통한 초본류 육성 등 산림관리를 통해 저감할 수 있다. 2. 강우에 의한 토양침식을 저감하기 위해서는 낙엽활엽수가 유리할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 상층 교목림의 적절한 수관 밀도를 유지할 필요가 있는데, 2~18본/$100m^2$ 정도가 적절할 것으로 사료된다. 3. 사지의 보존을 위해서는 참나무류나 서어나무류의 육성이 좋을 것으로 판단되며, 타감작용이 강해 생태계를 교란하는 아까시나무, 칡 등은 점차적으로 세력을 약화시킬 필요가 있다. 삼천사지는 북한산 국립공원 내에 위치하고 국 공유림에 속한다. 따라서 자연환경의 보전을 위해 현재도 꾸준한 산림작업이 실시되고 있으므로, 이러한 과정에서 유적의 보존을 위한 식생관리 방안이 고려될 수 있는 여지가 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.120-127
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• 2001

Long term earthquake observations at different tunnel sites within a variety of alluvial soil deposits have demonstrated that a circular tunnel is liable to deform in such a way that its two diagonal diameters crossing each other expand and contract alternately. Based on this knowledge, the soil-tunnel interaction and isolation effect for this particular vibration mode is investigated. Interaction effect is considered with the condition of fixed tangential strain between the tunnel and the soil. Isolation effect embodied by covering up the tunnel with isolation materials is discussed as a possible measure for mitigating seismic damage to it. When Poisson`s ratio of isolation material decreases or the shear modulus ratios of the soil to isolation material become large, the isolation effect becomes bigger.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2017

Displacement response and corresponding maximum response energy of structures are key parameters to assess the dynamic effect or even more destructive structural damage of the structures. By employing them, this research has compared the structural responses of jacket supported offshore wind turbine (OWT) subjected to seismic excitations apprehending earthquake incidence, when (a) soil-structure interaction (SSI) has been ignored and (b) SSI has been considered. The effect of earthquakes under arbitrary angle of excitation on the OWT has been investigated by means of the energy based wavelet transformation method. Displacement based fragility analysis is then utilized to convey the probability of exceedance of the OWT at different soil site conditions. The results show that the uncertainty arises due to multi-component seismic excitations along with the diminution trend of shear wave velocity of soil and it tends to reduce the efficiency of the OWT to stand against the ground motions.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제86권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2023

This article examines the seismic vulnerability of soil nail wall structures. Detailed information regarding finite element modeling has been provided. The fragility function evaluates the relationship between ground motion intensities and the probability of surpassing a specific level of damage. The use of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) has been applied to the soil nail wall against low to severe ground motions. In the nonlinear dynamic analysis of the soil nail wall, a set of twenty seismic ground motions with varying PGA ranges are used. The numerical results demonstrate that the soil-nailed wall reaction is extremely sensitive to earthquake ground vibrations under different intensity measures (IM). In addition, the analytical fragility curve is provided for various intensity values.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.4575-4591
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• 1978

In order to investigate the effects of grain size distribution, cement content, and molding pressure on the strength and durability of soil-cement mixtures, a laboratory test of soil cement mixtures was performed at four levels of cement content, five levels of molding pressure, and four levels of normal curing periods. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Optimum moisture contents in loam soil and maximum dry density in sand soil increased with the increase of cement content, but in others, both optimum moisture contents and maximum dry density were changed ununiformly. 2. When the specimens were molded with molding pressure, 50kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, strength of soil cement mixture with cement content, 2 and 4 per cent, was lower than the strength of soil cement mixture without cement content by more than 40 to 50 per cent. 3. The strength of soil-cement molded with molding pressure, 100kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, was higher than the strength of soil-cement molded with M.D.D. obtained from standard compaction test more than 40 per cent in sand loam cement and 50 per cent in loamy cement. 4. There was highly significant positive correlation among molding pressure, cement content and unconfined compressive strentgh and so the following multiple regression equations were obtained. Loam: fc=1.9693C+0.197P-0.84 Sandy loam: fc=2.9065C+0.235P-0.77 5. When the specimens were molded with molding pressure, 20 to 100kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, the regression equation between the 28-day and 7-day strenght was obtained as follows. Loam : q28=1.1050q7+7.59(r=0.9147) Sandy loam : q28=1.3905q7+3.17 (r=0.9801) 6. At the cement contents of above 50 per cent, the weight losses by freeeze-thaw test were negligible. At the cement content of below 8 per cent the weight losses were singnificantly high under low molding pressure and remarkably decreased with the increase of molding pressure up to 80kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$. 7. Resistance to damage from water and to absorption of water were not improved by molding pressure alone, but when the soil was mixtured with cement above 6 per cent, damage seldoms occurred and absorbed less than 5 per cent of water. 8. There was highly significant inverse-corelationship between the compressive strength of soil cement mixtures and their freeze-thaw loss as well as water absorption. By the regression equation methods, the relationships between them were expessed as followed fc=-7.3206Wa+115.6(r=0.9871) log fc=-0.0174L+1.59(r=0.7709) where fc=unconfined compressive stregth after 28-days curing. kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ Wa=water absorption, % L : freeze-thaw loss rate, %

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 1998

To clarify the effects of acid precipitates on histological damage, water status, and growth of Pinus densiflora green house experiment applyin simulated acid rain was carried out. Contact angle of water droplet on needles of P. densiflora seedlings treated with simulated acid rain of different pHs simulated acid rain was, the more rapid transpiration was. Leaf water potential after water withdrawal was also reduced rapidly in proportion to acidity of simulated acid rain. Height growth of P. densiflora seedlings treated with simulated acid rain of pH 2 decreased, while growth of seedlings treated with that of pH 3 and 4 increased comparing with that treated with normal rain of pH 5.6. pH of cultivated soil in pH 2 plot was acidified with the amount of simulated acid rain applied but that in pH 3 and 4 plots did not show any directional change. From those results, it could be interpreted that decrease of height growth in pH 2 plot was originated from multiple effects of water deficit from rapid transpiration and soil acidification. On the other hand, increased of height growth in pH 3 and 4 plots would be originated from the supply of N and S included in simulated acid rain.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2005

서울시 모델 구역의 건축물을 대상으로 가상 시나리오 지진에 의한 피해를 추정하였다. 다양한 주거 및 구조 특성을 대표할 수 있고 지반 증폭 효과를 고려할 수 있는 지역을 모델 구역으로 선정하였다. 모델 구역 내 건축물은 구조 형식에 따라 11 종류로 분류하였으며 HAZUS에서 제시한 값을 사용하여 역량 곡선(capacity curve)과 취약도 곡선(fragility curve)을 생성하였다. 가상 시나리오 지진의 지반 운동은 인공 지진 운동 생성 방법을 사용하여 생성하였으며 모델 구역을 표토층 두께에 따라 3개의 구역으로 나누고 지반응답해석을 수행하였다. 건축물의 피해 확률은 역량 스펙트럼 방법과 취약도 곡선을 사용하여 계산하였다. 최종적으로 GIS 데이터베이스를 활용하여 모델 구역 내 건축물의 전반적 피해 정도를 추정하였다.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

The purpose of this research is to improve sustainable clothes care by comparing household washer's standard course and quick course. Detergency at each course was classified by laundry weight, detergent concentration, and soils. Also, fabric damage from each course was compared. Washing experiments were carried out using two types of washing machines and three types of detergents. Using the standard soiled fabrics of EMPA 108 set, detergency was compared by laundry weight, soil, and detergent concentration. Additionally, fabric damage was evaluated using the mechanical action of MA-40. The results of the research were as follows. First, a standard course, having more working time exhibited better detergency than a quick course. However, the detergency deviation under 6kg laundry weight was as low as 9.0%. Second, detergency by the type of soil was more effective in standard course than in a quick course, but hydrophilic protein soils had a small detergency deviation at 7.6%. Moreover, hydrophobic oil, complex, and particulate soils had a higher deviation at 19.7% Third, fabric damage was in proportion to operating time. Fourth, a quick course showed approximately 80% detergency regardless of the type of detergent. in the case of using 50% of the recommended allowance by the detergent manufacturer. In conclusion, reducing the operating washing time and detergent concentration is in accordance with increasing sustainability, in the case of washing with lightly soiled fabrics under 6kg of laundry weight.