• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.91-104
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• 2013

The objectives of this study were to monitor and assess the environmental impacts of indirect wastewater reuse on water quality and soil in paddy fields. Yongin monitoring site (YI) irrigated from agricultural reservoir and Osan monitoring site (OS) irrigated with treated wastewater diluted with stream water were selected as control and treatment, respectively. Monitoring results for irrigation water quality showed a significant statistical difference in salinity, exchangeable cation and nutrients. Pond water quality showed a similar tendency with irrigation water except for the decreased difference in nutrients due to the fertilization impact. Soil chemical properties mainly influenced by fertilization activity such as T-N, T-P, and $P_2O_5$ were changed similarly in soil profiles of both monitoring sites, while the properties, EC, Ca, Mg, and Na, mainly effected by irrigation water quality showed a considerable change with time and soil depth in treatment plots. Heavy metal contents in paddy soil of both control and treatment did not exceed the soil contamination warning standards. This study could contribute to suggest the irrigation water quality standards and proper agricultural practices including fertilization for indirect wastewater reuse, although long-term monitoring is needed to get more scientific results.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.394-399
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• 2011

배추 재배를 위해 관수한 용수의 특성은 대조구인 지하수가 pH 7.0, EC $0.06dS\;m^{-1}$였으며, 폐양액이 pH 6.3, EC $1.5dS\;m^{-1}$, 하수처리수가 pH 6.8, EC $0.4dS\;m^{-1}$였다. 배추재배지에 관수된 폐양액은 $NH_4^+$ 함량이 낮았으나 $NO_3^-$, $K^+$, $SO_4^{2-}$ 및 $Ca^{2+}$이 $10g\;m^{-2}$ 이상으로 작물생육에 필요한 다량의 원소를 함유하고 있었으며, 이와 달리 하수처리수는 폐양액과 달리 원소 함량이 낮았으며 $Cl^-$와 $Na^+$ 함량이 높았다. 지하수, 폐양액 및 하수처리수를 이용하여 재배한 배추는 모든 처리구에서 구고, 구폭, 생체중, 건물중, 상품율 등 그 생육에 차이가 없었으며, 다양한 수준으로 질소 비료를 절감하고 폐양액을 관수한 처리구에서도 모든 처리구간 생육이 유사하였다. 한편 배추재배지의 배추수확 후 토양 pH는 대조구인 지하수 처리구에서 작물재배 전과 차이가 없었으며 폐양액 처리구는 양분의 토양집적으로 인하여 pH가 감소하였고 하수처리수 처리구는 pH가 상승하는 것으로 나타났다. 다량의 양분을 함유하고 있는 폐양액 관수는 토양의 EC를 관행재배구보다 현저히 증가시켰으며, 배추재배에 의한 양분의 흡수에도 불구하고 토양 내 인산과 칼륨 함량도 관행재배구보다 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2004

This study was conducted to formulate management guidelines for monumental old trees in Korea through analysis of growing environments. A total of 20 old trees designated as natural monuments in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi provinces were surveyed for biological characteristics, surrounding environments, root collar conditions, tree health, and soil characteristics. Relationships among root collar conditions, tree health, and soil characteristics were analyzed by correlation. The old solitary trees designated as natural monuments included Pinus bungeana(4 trees), Juniperus chinensis(3 trees), Ginkgo biloba(3 trees), Poncirus trifoliata(2 trees), Actinidia arguta, Wisteria floribunda, Thuja orientalis, Quercus variabilis, Sophora japonica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Zelkova serrata, and Pinus densiflora. The tree height ranged from 3.56 to 67m, and root collar diameter ranged from 1.01 to 15.2m. The monumental old trees were growing on the various sites ranging from gardens, historical sites, open agricultural fields, mountain hills, to near the ocean beaches and streams. The coverage of bald land ranged from 50 to 100%, and depth of filled soil around the root collar ranged from 0 to 50cm. Tree health was expressed as the amount of branch dieback, cavity development, detachment of cambial tissue, infliction by diseases and insects. The branch dieback ranged from 5 to 20%, cavity development ranged from 10 to 100$cm^3$, detachment of cambial tissue ranged from 5 to 45%, and infliction by diseases and insects ranged from 5 to 20%. Soil pH ranged from 5.9 to 8.3, organic matter contents from 12 to 56%, phosphorus contents from 104 to 618ppm, while soil compaction ranged from 7 to 28mm. Results of correlation analysis showed that coverage of bald land was the most serious factor to deteriorate the cavity development and detachment of cambial tissue. In addition, chemical properties of soils seemed to be related to the health of the trees.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권19호
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• pp.133-158
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• 1998

There are about 2,000 species of termite in the World, but one species of termite inhabits in the southern part of Korean peninsula. Termites are social insects that live in colonies. The colonies are composed of king, queen, soldiers and workers. Termite food consists of cellulose obtained from wood. Protozoa in their digestive tracts convert the cellulose into usable food. Korean termite is a subspecies of Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe, Rhinotermitidae. It's subterranean termite and the scientic name is R. speratus kyushensis Morimoto. The subterranean termite must nest in the soil in order to survival, and infest soft-wood which contact with the soil near the nest. There are several ways which subterranean termite infestations can be noticed. Atcertain times of the year during daylight hours, king and queen termites emerge from the colonies. The propose of these flight is to establish new colonies. The termite is a decomposer of biological ecosystem, but an invader in the preservation of cultural properties as like wood buildings. There are serveral control methods for the prevention of wood building from termite's damages. Those are biological control, ecological control, physical control and chemical control. Ecological and Physical control are the best methods in the new constructing wood-building. Fumigation which is a method of chemical control, is the best method for the building damaged by the termite. After the fumigation, we have totake wood & soil treatments for the building and nearby in order not to be reinvaded by the termites.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2002

삼각통을 포함하여 29개 토양통으로 분포되는 연초 경작지 67개 토양에 대하여 토양의 색 특성은 광학적 기기에 의해 측정되는 색차계 방법과 육안관찰에 의해 비색 평가되는 Munsell color chart 방법으로 비교되었고, 또한 토양의 화학성과의 상호관계가 검토되었다. 색차계로 측정한 토양의 색 특성 L, a 및 b 값은 Munsell color chart의 명도(V), 채도(C), 및 색상(H)과 밀접하게 관련되며 정량적 수치로 표현되었다. 토양 색 측정치의 표준편차는 2mm 체 통과시료보다 0.5mm 체 통과시료에서 적었다. 토양 색의 L, 및 b 값은 수분함량이 증가함에 따라 감소되는 경향이었으나 a 값은 수분함량의 변화에 따라 차이가 없이 비슷하였다. 그러나 풍건조건과 습윤조건(-10hPa)에서 측정된 토양의 L, a, b 값 각각의 상관계수는 r=0.90 이상으로 고도로 유의성 있는 정의 상관을 보였다. 따라서 토양 색의 측정은 일정한 수분 조건인 풍건토 0.5mm 체 통과시료에서 측정하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각되었다. 토양의 색 특성은 유기물함량, 양이온치환용량, 치환성 석회 및 고토 등과 유의성 있는 상관을 보였으며 특히 L 값은 유기물 함량과 가장 밀접한 관계를 보였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제9권
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• pp.153-159
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• 1968

강원도(江原道) 춘성군(春城郡) 동산면(東山面) 원창이리(元倉二里) 면내리(面內里)의 화전토양수점(火田土壤數點)을 공시(供試)하여 토양(土壤)의 일반적(一般的) 성질(性質)과 홍법(弘法), 대우(大羽)에 의한 Simon의 수정법(修正法)으로 부식(腐植)의 형태(形態)를 분석검토(分析檢討)하였든바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 본화전토양(本火田土壤)은 일반화학성분(一般化學成分)이 보통(普通) 토양(土壤)과 근사(近似)하나 C.E.C.는 크며 유기물(有機物)이 특(特)히 많이 함유(含有)되어 있다. 2) 추출제(抽出劑)에 따른 추출부식(抽出腐植)은 NaOH의 Na-pyrophosphate, NaF.의 순(順)이며 토층(土層)에 따른 추출량(抽出量)은 상층(上層)일수록 많으며 PQ% 역시(亦是) 상층(上層)일수록 크다. 3) 부식화도(腐植化度)는 NaOH. Na-pyrophosphate 추출부식(抽出腐植)은 근사(近似)하나 NaF 추출부식(抽出腐植)은 낮다. 층위별(層位別)로 보면 하층(下層)일수록 높으며 토양(土壤)의 부식화도(腐植化度)의 순위(順位)는 약간 B 토양(土壤)이 높은것 같다. 4) $Mg^{++}$에 의하여 부식산(腐植酸)을 ${\alpha}$ 형(形), ${\beta}$ 형(形)으로 분할(分割)하였으며 NaOH 추출부식산(抽出腐植酸)의 ${\alpha}$ 형(形), ${\beta}$ 형(形) 부식산(腐植酸)이 부식화도(腐植化度)가 높으며 Na-pyrophosphate 추출부식산(抽出腐植酸)의 부식화도(腐植化度)는 낮다. 경작기간(耕作期間)에 따른 부식화도(腐植化度)의 변화(變化)는 별(別)로 찾아 볼 수 없다. 5) ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$ 형(形) 부식산(腐植酸)의 흡광곡선(吸光曲線)을 보면 추출제(抽出劑)에 따른 변화(變化)는 없고 동일(同一)한 곡선(曲線)이 나타났다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2004

고온호기성발효장치(TAO system)로 발효 처리한 양돈분뇨고형물을 톱밥과 왕겨로 혼합한 뒤 성형건조장치를 이용하여 펠렛 비료를 제조하였다. 제조된 펠렛 비료(TAO-PF)의 비료이용성을 검토하기 위하여 배추를 이용하여 포장시험을 실시하였으며, 수확 후 생육량 및 토양의 생물, 이화학적 변화를 분석하였다. 생육실험은 펠렛 비료(TAO-PF)를 포함하여 시판 상토(Bed soil), 발효고형물(TAO-S), 화학비료(NPK), 무비료(대조구)로 나누어 실험하였다. 제조된 발효펠렛(TAO-PF)의 상온저장성은 미생물의 증식경향으로 보아 수분 함량이 $18\%,\;25\%$ 처리구보다는 $12\%$ 처리구가 적절한 것으로 판단되었다. 배추를 이용한 각 처리구에서의 생육실험결과, 토양세균의 변화는 TAO-PF 처리구가 NPK, 무비료구 보다 처리기간중 증식하는 경향을 보였으며, 특히 방선균의 증가와 사상균의 감소현상은 NPK, 무비료 처리 에 비해 TAO-S, TAO-PF 처리구에서 현저하여 발효고형물의 토양시비가 토양생물상 변화에 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 본 생육실험을 통해 배추의 구고, 구폭, 엽수 등으로 보아 TAO-S, TAO-PF 처리구는 각각 화학비료, 시판상토 처리구를 대체 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 1999년도 정기총회 및 춘계 공동 학술발표회
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

In the United States (U.S.), the monitored natural attenuation (MNA) approach has been used as an alternative remedial option for organic and inorganic compounds retained in soil and dissolved in groundwater. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the MNA as“in-situ naturally-occurring processes include biodegradation, diffusion, dilution, sorption, volatilization, and/or chemical and biochemical stabilization of contaminants and reduce contaminant toxicity, mobility or volume to the levels that are protective of human health and the environment”. The Department of Soil Environment. National Institute Environmental Research (NIER) is in the process for demonstrating the MNA approach as a potential remedial option for the BTEX contaminated site in Uiwang City. The project is charactering the research site in terms of the nature and extend of contamination, biological degradation rate, and geochemical and hydrological properties. The microbial-degradation rate and effectiveness of nutrient and redox supplements will be determined through laboratory batch and column tests. The geochemical process will be monitored for determining the concentration changes of chemical species involved in the electron transfer processes that include methanogenesis, sulfate and iron reduction, denitrification, and aerobic respiration. Through field works, critical soil and hydrogeologic parameters will be acquired to simulate the effects of dispersion, advection, sorption, and biodegradation on the fate and transport of the dissolved-phase BTEX plume using Bioplume III model. The objectives of this multi-years research project are (1) to evaluate the MNA approach using the BTEX contaminated site in Uiwang City, (2) to establish a standard protocol for future application of the approach, (3) to investigate applicability of the passive approach as a secondary treatment remedy after active treatments. In this presentation, the overall picture and philosophy behind the MNA approach will be reviewed. Detailed discussions of the site characterization/monitoring plans and risk-based decision-making processes for the demonstration site will be included.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.24-35
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• 1985

Rusty root of ginseng has been known as one of the limiting factors in ginseng production in Korea. An attempt was, therefore, made to elucidate biological and chemical natures of the rusty root, and the redox Potential of the ginseng cultivated soils were measured and compared with diseased and non-diseased soils. Reddish discoloration was most frequently observed on the epidermis of ginseng root and the pigments were accumulated in all epidermal cells of the diseased lesions. The lower the redox potential of the ginseng cultivated soil was, the more severe the rusty root was observed. Fe content in the diseased epidermis was 3 times higher than that of healthy one. Organic acids such as oxalic, malonic, succinic, and citric acids were also higher in the mss root than in the healthy one. Thin layer chromatogram of phenolic acid fractions obtained from the epidermal cells of the rusty root of ginseng exhibited 3 to 4 unidentified substances not found in the healthy root. Also lignification of the epidermal cells and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase were greater in the rusty root than the healthy root. Colony formation and conidia production of F. solani, And mycelial growth and sclerotium formation of Sclerotinia sp. isolated from ginseng root were suppressed in a nutritionally minimal medium supplemented with water extract of rusty ginseng root epidermis. It is, therefore, suggested that rusty root of ginseng is caused by unfavorable rhizosphere environmental stress or stresses resulting abnormal metabolism in the root as a selfdefence mechanism of non-specific resistance responses.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2024

This study investigated the chemical properties of Organic Soil Amendments (OSAs) made from organic waste. It also assessed the effectiveness of using these OSAs in the soil layer of Green Infrastructure (GI) to reduce stormwater runoff and non-point source pollutants. The goal was to improve the national environmental value through resource recycling and contribute to the circular economy transformation and carbon neutrality of urban GI. The OSAs used in this study consisted of spent coffee grounds and food waste compost. They were found to be nutrient-rich and stable as artificial soils, indicating their potential use in the soil layer of GI facilities. Applying OSAs to bio-retention cells and permeable pavement resulted in a reduction of approximately 11-17% in stormwater runoff and a decrease of about 16-18% in Total Phosphorus (TP) discharge in the target area. Increasing the proportion of food waste compost in the OSAs had a positive impact on reducing stormwater runoff and pollutant emissions. This study highlights the importance of utilizing recycled resources and can serve as a foundation for future research, such as establishing parameters for assessing the effectiveness of GI facilities through experiments. To enable more accurate analysis, it is recommended to conduct studies that consider both the chemical and biological aspects of substance transfer in OSAs.