• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.960-968
• /
• 2003

A bacterial isolate showing a strong endochitosanase activity was isolated from soil and then characterized. The isolate was identified and designated as Bacillus cereus P16, based on morphological and biochemical properties, assimilation tests, cellular fatty acids pattern, along with 16S rRNA gene sequence. The optimized medium for producing extracellular chitosanase in a batch culture contained 1% tryptone, 0.5% chitosan, and 1% NaCl (pH 7.0). Powder chitosan and tryptone served the best as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the chitosanase production. Chitosanase activity was the highest when culture was completed at $37^{\circ}C$ among various temperatures ($20-42^{\circ}C$) tested in a shaking incubator (200 rpm). The levels of chitosanase activity in the culture fluid were 2.0 U/ml and 3.8 U/ml, respectively, when incubated in a flask for 60 h and in a jar fermenter for 24 h. The culture supernatant showed a strong liquefying activity on the soluble chitosan. The viscosity of 1% chitosan solution, that was incubated with the culture supernatant, was rapidly decreased, suggesting the secretion of endochitosanolytic enzymes by P16. The culture fluid revealed six endo-type chitosanase isozymes, two major (38 and 45 kD), and four minor (54, 65, 82, and 96 kD) forms by staining profile. The crude enzymes were very stable, and full activity was maintained for 4 weeks at $4^{\circ}C\;or\;-20^{\circ}C$ in the culture supernatant, suggesting a highly desirable stability rate for making an industrial application of the crude enzymes. The supernatant also cleaved the insoluble chitosan powder, but the hydrolysis rate was much lower. The enzymic degradation products of chitosan contained $(GlcN)_n$ (n=2-8). The concentration of chitosan in the reaction mixture of the crude enzyme affected the chitooligosaccharides composition of the hydrolysis products. When the higher concentration of chitosan was used, the higher degree of polymerized chitooligosaccharides were produced. By comparison with other commercial chitosanase preparations, P16 was indeed found to be a valuable enzyme source for industrial production of chitooligosaccharides from chitosan.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.177-184
• /
• 1977

Arylsulfatase catalyzes the release of SO$\sub$4//sup2/- from sulfate esters of simple phenols. Arylsolfatase occurs widely in animal tissues and in microorganisms including soil bacteria. Its widespread distribution suggests that it has a rather fundamental function and environmental meaning. It has been shown previously that arylsulfatase of Klebsiella was purified and characterized. A condition of arylsulfatase synthesis was tested with several strains of Serratia. Serratia marcescens could not utilize some sugars, such as xylose, rhamnose, glucosamine and arabinose hut glucose and mannitol as a sole carbon source. However, arylsulfatase synthesis was repressed by glucose but not by mannitol. The enzyme synthesis was repressed ob inorganic sulfate and methionine, and this repression was relieved by addition of tyramine. Arylsulfatase of S. marcescen was purified by fractionation with ammonium sulfate and followed by chromatographies on DEAE-Cellulose CM-Cellulose, and DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The molecular weight of arylsulfatase was determined to be 46,000 by SDS-Gel electrophoresis and 49,000 by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The enzyme showed some different properties with that of K. aerogenes. The activity was maximum at pH 6.8. The Km and Vmax values for p-nitrophenyl sulfate were 2.5${\times}$10$\^$－4/ M and 20 nmoles/min/mg protein, respectively. The enzyme showed high activities toward phenyl sulfate, ο-and p-nitro phenyl sulfates, and p-nitrocatechol sulfate. The inhibition of enzyme was strongly affected by hydroxylamine, inorganic fluoride, sulfide and phosphate, but by inorganic sulfate. Like Klebsiella arylsulfatase, tyramine, octopamine, and dopamine gave signifcant inhibitory effect.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.54-59
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate to the effect of liquid fertilizer with saponin (SLF) and liquid fertilizer with amino acid (ALF)on the growth of creeping bentgrass. In creeping bentgrass, turf color index, chlorophyll index, dry weight and shoot number were measured. It was hardly affected by SLF and ALF applications in investigation of chemical properties of the soil. By applying SLF and ALF, turf color index and chlorophyll index in 2SLF and 2ALF were increased more than CF, and shoot number and root length in 2SLF, ALF and 2ALF were higher than CF. In correlation coefficient among growth factors of creeping bentgrass, turf quality was significantly different in root length, shoot number, dry weight, and content of N and K in turf tissue (P<0.05), N content of tissue was significantly in root length, shoot number and dry weight (P<0.05), and K content was significantly in shoot number and dry weight (P<0.05). These results suggested that application of functional liquid fertilizers such as SLF and ALF was expected to replace compound fertilizer in turf management and that applied SLF and ALF was stimulated the uptake of N and K into turf so that turf qualities were improved by enhancing growth shoot and root of turf.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.37-44
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the application rate of cattle slury and urea N on productivity of corn and environmental pollution in com cultivation soil. The experiment was conformed in lysimeter which was constructed with 0.33m diameter and 1m height. This study was arranged in split plot design. Main plots were the application rate of mineral fertilizer, as urea, such as 0, 100 and 200kgN/ha and subplots were the application rate of cattle slurry, such as 0, 200 and 400kgN/ha. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Dry matter yields of corn increased as the application rate of cattle slurry and urea increased. 2. Total nitrogen content of whole corn was increased as the application rate of cattle slurry and urea increased 3. The average nitrate content in leaching water by application rate of the slurry and urea N was 7.78$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$(ranged from 6.27 to 9.02$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$). Nitrate content was hardly influenced by application rates of the slurry and urea. However, nitrate content rises in proportion to a rise in precipitation.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.681-706
• /
• 2000

This study is intended to understand an implication system and significance in the current community which a body image symbolizes by correlating it with fashion that is on the rise as a principal issue in various fields. For this study, the symbolism of the body image was contemplated in terms of philosophy and art, and then on the basis of it, the symbolism of the body image shown in modern fashion design was analyzed through fashion works. The research results are as follows, 1. The manifestation of sex can be taken as the symbolism of the body image which is expressed in modern fashion design. Recently sexual chaos and vagueness such as homosexuality and bisexuality are expressed through a dress and its ornaments. Though displaying sexual characteristics of male and female as they are exposing a sign or a diagram, decorating a part of body or representing sex in garments, uncertain sex identity in modern society is manifested in dress and its ornaments. It is to deny absoluteness regarding sex and emphasize diversity indwelt in human beings, and after all it shows to pursue the human essence. 2. Another symbolism of the body image is body expression as the human race and an ethnic group. The discriminating situations and the restoration of their status appeared in modern fashion too. Moreover, their cultures and issues came to alter the aesthetic standard of body made from a view of the Western white supremacist. Hereupon, fashion trends like ethnic fashion, Orientalism and African look etc. appear according to this tendency, which represents race and national identity and in addition, which signifies to present transcendental human conception embracing alienated human conception. 3. The symbolism of the body image expressed in a body, and a dress and its ornaments as nature can be considered in terms of the concern on environmental contamination and the respect of echo system. Getting away from reigning over, developing and stamping down nature at their will, the human beings pursue unity with nature, which is described in fashion. They are stressing that natural materials and objects such as animal, plant and soil etc. should activily be introduced into fashion and humans are a communal fate group and should reframe their status in nature at last. 4. The body image shown in a body, a dress and its ornaments as technology is transformed and recreated by modern scientific techniques and medical science to show post human conception namely, forthcoming future human conception as a cyborg which loses individual identity. This presents a perfect future human conception with high level of preternatural power but after all, leaves us a task to seek the meaning of human existence in alienation caused by the loss of human identity and existence. In this manner, the moderns crave for perceiving the identity of a natural human being in the current thoughts tendency of the modern times such as postmodernism, post structuralism, deconstructionism, feminism and so on, which build discussions affecting the art and fashion worlds. The categories, like sexual characteristics indwelt in a human body, racial classifications, the natural environment surrounding human beings and development of science, bring out the importance of the internal and external meaning in today's fashion which a human body contains, and present sew human conception in the coming future society.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2018.05a
• /
• pp.44-44
• /
• 2018

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by infection with Fusarium graminearum leads to enormous losses to crop growers, and may contaminate grains with a number of Fusarium mycotoxins that pose serious risks to human and animal health. Antagonistic bacteria that are used to prevent FHB offer attractive alternatives or supplements to synthetic fungicides for controlling FHB without the negative effects of chemical management. Out of 500 bacterial strains isolated from soil, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 showed strong antifungal activity and was considered a potential source for control strategies to reduce FHB. B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 produces several cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) including iturin A, fengycin, and surfactin. Iturin A inhibits spore germination of F. graminearum. Fengycin or surfactin alone did not display any inhibitory activity against spore germination at concentrations less than 30 ug/ml, but a mixture of iturin A, fengycin, and surfactin showed a remarkable synergistic inhibitory effect on F. graminearum spore germination. The fermentation broth and formulation of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 strain reduced the disease incidence of FHB in wheat. Furthermore, co-application of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 and chemical fungicides resulted in synergistic in vitro antifungal effects and significant disease control efficacy against FHB under greenhouse and field conditions, suggesting that B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 has a strong chemosensitizing effect. The synergistic antifungal effect of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 and chemical fungicides in combination may result from the cell wall damage and altered cell membrane permeability in the phytopathogenic fungi caused by the CLP mixtures and subsequent increased sensitivity of F. graminearum to fungicides. In addition, B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 showed the potential to reduce trichothecenes mycotoxin production. The results of this study indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 could be used as an available biocontrol agent or as a chemosensitizer to chemical fungicides for controlling FHB disease and as a strategy for preventing the contamination of harvested crops with mycotoxins.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.36
• /
• pp.74-85
• /
• 2015

An ox bone object was excavated from the wetland at the excavation site in Bogam-ri tumulus, Naju. It was only able to identify the full image of the shape. Bogam were deteriorated and cracked due to the soil pressure and the repeated cycle of freezing and melting. They were also fragmented in pieces and powdered. In situ, bones were dewatered, consolidated and wrapped together with surrounding soils not to lose the fragmented bone pieces. Unpacking was carried out in the conservation lab and the treatment was processed. Soils on the reverse were removed and then the surface was consolidated and reinforced. Then, soils on the excavated side was cleaned and the surface was consolidated. The object was placed in the produced storing box. When the ox bone object was excavated, it did not have its head and was in the shape of tieing all its legs up. This shows that the animal had been tied up during a ritual and then buried. During the treatment, the importance of the burial purpose and maintaining the shape at the time of excavation was considered. Therefore, the shape of the object at the time of excavation was maintained rather than dismantling all these fragile bones and finding the shape of an ox. This conservation of ox bone object shows that conservation treatment methods have to be vary depending on characters and conditions of objects. In addition, it is expecting that this writing could be the reference to bone and horn objects excavated in the future for the whole process from the excavation to the conservation treatment.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.393-400
• /
• 2015

An insect parasitic mite was found on a larva from Japanese apricot seed. The mite was identified as Pyemotes moseri Yu et Liang (Acarina: Pyemotidae) new to Korea. The host larva was identified as Eurytoma maslovskii using mitochondrial DNA sequencing analysis. We conducted preliminary study on its reproduction and parasitization capacity in laboratory condition. A mated female mite reared on Eurytoma maslovskii larva. We counted and sexed newborn progenies and then eliminated them during periodical observations. To test parasitization capacity, a PCR tube containing mass reared P. moseri and Japanese apricot seeds (assumed bear larva of E. maslovskii) placed in a stainless bath filled with potting soil. One month later, we surveyed the seeds whether the E. maslovskii larva parasitized by mite or not. We repeated this experiment three times with five replications each. Average life span (days from parasitization to the end of reproduction) of gravid females was 24.4 days (n=8). A gravid female reproduced 104.0 female progenies (n=8). Although there were more than seven Japanese apricot seeds per bath containing larva or pupa, we found parasitization only in two seeds.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.41 no.10
• /
• pp.290-301
• /
• 2017

Background: Forest edges create distinctive ecological space as adjacent constituents, which distinguish between different ecosystems or land use types. These edges are made by anthropogenic or natural disturbance and affects both abiotic and biotic factors gradually. This study was carried out to assess edge effects on disturbed landscape at the pine-dominated clear-cut area in a genetic resources reserve in Uljin-gun, eastern Korea. This study aims to estimate the distance of edge influence by analyzing changes of abiotic and biotic factors along the distance from forest edge. Further, we recommend forest management strategy for sustaining healthy forest landscapes by reducing effects of deforestation. Results: Distance of edge effect based on the abiotic factors varied from 8.2 to 33.0 m. The distances were the longest in $Mg^{2+}$ content and total nitrogen, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ contents, canopy openness, light intensity, air humidity, $Na^+$ content, and soil temperature followed. The result based on biotic factors varied from 6.8 to 29.5 m, coverage of tree species in the herb layer showed the longest distance and coverage of shrub plant in the herb layer, evenness, species diversity, total coverage of herb layer, and species richness followed. As the result of calculation of edge effect by synthesizing 26 factors measured in this study, the effect was shown from 11.0 m of the forest interior to 22.4 m of the open space. In the result of stand ordination, Rhododendron mucronulatum, R. schlippenbachii, and Fraxinus sieboldiana dominated arrangement of forest interior sites and Quercus mongolica, Vitis amurensis, and Rubus crataegifolius dominated spatial distribution of the open area plots. Conclusions: Forest interior habitat lies within the influence of both abiotic and biotic edge effects. Therefore, we need a forest management strategy to sustain the stability of the plant and further animal communities that depend on its stable conditions. For protecting forest interior, we recommend selective logging as a harvesting method for minimizing edge effects by anthropogenic disturbance. In fact, it was known that selective logging contributes to control light availability and wind regime, which are key factors affecting microclimate. In addition, ecological restoration applying protective planting for the remaining forest in the clear-cut area could contribute to prevent continuous disturbance in forest interior.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.155-164
• /
• 2016

Earworm is very useful animal in soil ecosystem, however it is harmful for golf courses because they introduce many cast on turfgrass that reduces turf uniformity and play quality. However, no information has found on earthworm diversity and seasonal fluctuation in different Korean golf courses. In this study, we focused to carry out earthworm species composition and seasonal population structure in turfgrass of golf courses. During spring and fall season survey with direct digging and tea saponin drenching sampling in 5 different golf courses, 6 species under 3 families of earthworms were collected. Earthworm species composition and density was different among the golf courses. Aporrectodea caliginosa in Lumbricidae was dominant species in Anseong and Dongrae Benest Golf Club; however Amynthas carnosus in Megascolecidae was dominant species in Anyang and Glenrose Golf Club. Ap. caliginosa was collected only aclitellum in July and Am. carnosus was collected aclitellum and clitellum in August in golf courses. Seasonal population of earthworm was different depending on earthworm species (Am. hupeiensis was the highest in August and Ap. caliginosa was in April) however small number of collected earthworm species were not dominant trend in golf courses.