• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1986

To study the effects of surface structure of fiber on the decrement of fatty soil removal at high temperature, the following variables were selected: controled and alkali-treated P.E.T.(polyester) fabrics and chopped fibers as substrates to estimate the detergencies, different aging methods of soiled substrates, and different washing temperatures and surfactant solutions. Radiotagged tripalmitin was used as soil and the detergency was estimated by means of liquid scintillation counting method. The results were as following: The surface of the fiber became rough with many grooves and the hydrophilicity of the fiber was increased and the structure of the fabric became loose by alkali treatment. While the detergency of alkali-treated P.E.T. fabric was better than that of controled P. E. T. fabric, there was no significant differences between the detergencies of controled and alkali-treated chopped fibers. These results indicate that the increment of detergency of alkali-treated P.E.T. fabric is mainly resulted from the changes of fabric structure and the improved hydrophilicity of fiber by alkai treatment. The detergency of tripalmitin was increased with elevating temp. below the m.p. of tripalmitin, was decreased around the m.p., and again was increased above the m.p ..It is considered that the decrement of detergency around the m.p. is due to the diffusion of molten tripalmitin into the grooves on fiber surface, the inner part of fiber, and between fibers. When controled and alkali-treated soiled fabrics and soiled chopped fibers were washed in the distilled water and in the Na-DBS solution respectively, below $60^{\circ}C$ detergencies of alkali-treated fabrics and chopped fibers were improved. However above $60^{\circ}C$ this result was reversed. Therefore these results are regarded as the effects of grooves on fiber surface at high temp. and improved hydrophilicity at low temp. by alkali treatment. When controled and alkali-treated soiled fabrics and soiled chopped fibers were hot-aged before washing, the detergencies of both species were decreased generally. Because the soil was diffused into the grooves on fiber surface, the inner part of fiber, and between fibers during hot-aging. The detergencies of hot-aged species were also decreased above certain temp.. These results suggest that the decrement of detergency at high temp. be resulted not only from the diffusion of soil into the grooves on fiber surface, the inner part of fiber, and between fibers, but also from the characteristics of surfactant solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.491-505
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• 1993

The influences of protease on the removal of various protein soils from cotton fabrics were studied. The human epidermal stratum corneum, hemoglobin and casein were used as protein soils. The soiled fabrics were denatured by steaming for 30 min. before washing and laundered using Terg-O-Tometer under washing conditions. The removal efficiency was evaluated by analysis of protein on the fabrics before and after washing by means of copper-Folin method. The relations between the removal and the characteristics of protease were discussed. Also the degradation of protein were examined by microscopy. The seperation of human epidermal stratum corneum after hydrolysis was examined by SDS-PAGE. The results obtained were as follow : 1. The protein from the soiled cotton fabric was removed effectively by adding protease. The removal of protein was increased in proportion to increasing of the enzyme concentration up to a certain point, but it began to decrease above the point. The removal effect was high in the order of casein>human epidermal stratum corneum>hemoglobin. Especially the protein was more effectively removed in ADS solution(pH 9.5) containing enzyme. 2. When protease was used with ADS. the removal of protein was efficiently showed in relatively short time(5~15min.) compared to using ADS only. It is due to the properties of this enzyme that reacts with very short time. 3. Even at low temperature the removal efficiency of enzyme was relatively higher compared with the activity of enzyme. The removal of protein soil was increased up to a maximum near $50^{\circ}C$, and then decreased. 4. The removal of protein by protease was improved with the increase of alkalinity in the pH range from 9.5 to 11.0 but it began to decrease above pH 11.0. 5. According to the increase of mechanical agitation, the removal effect was increased. But the removal efficiency of protease was more effective compared with the agitation in detergency. 6. According to the SDS-PAGE separation and micrograph it was confirmed that the human epidermal corneum was effectively hydrolysed by the enzyme added. So the fragments of protein were removed more efficiently by means of the interfacial reaction of AOS.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2014

A magnetic separation study was conducted for a soil sampled from a landfill site where steel slag had been dumped for a long time. Heavy metal concentrating effect was evaluated by analyzing heavy metal content of magnetically separated soil and passed through soil. The effect was compared between soil after soil-washing process and original landfill soil and the effect was also tested between wet condition-magnetic separation and dry condition-magnetic separation. Separated ratio was relatively higher in non-soil washed sample. The water content has no significant effect on the separation rate. The concentrating effect of Fe, Pb, Cu, and Cd were 3.2, 2.1, 12.1, 2.5, 1.5 and 17.4, 7.0, 15.7, 9.6, 7.0 respectively for non-soil washed sample and soil washed sample. We can expect a bigger volume reduction effect from soil-washed samples. The volume reduction effect was obtained from the separation in dry condition. However, when the separation ratio is too high the volume reduction effect decreases. The magnetic separation leads to a volume reduction and concentration of heavy metals into a portion of soil in case of paramagnetic particles contained soil.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.647-651
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• 2014

Handling of the large quantity of oil, generation of heavy metals at the military blasting range and outworn facilities could cause the environmental accidents. Pollution levels of the former five U.S military bases located in Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do were measured. Soil contamination by TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons), BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene), and heavy metals and groundwater contamination were detected. In order to purify contaminated soil, a variety of technologies including soil vapor extraction, slurping, landfarming and soil washing were applied. Contaminated soils of five target bases were purified and the results were suitable for the legal standards.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.11-17
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• 1983

There have been two supposition that the decrement of fatty soil removal at high temperature was caused by surfactants and by the structure of fibers and Fabrics. To study the effect of temperature on the removal of fatty soil, the following variables were selected: Sodium n-alkylsulfates having various chain lengths of alkyl groups as surfactants, cotton and cuprammonium rayon as cellulose fibers having different fiber structure, and two types of soil having different melting points. Experiment was carried out with radiotagged soil and detergency was estimated by liquid scintillation counting. The results were as following: the detergency of tripalmitin on cotton was increased with elevating temperature up to $60\~70^{\circ}C$ and decreased above $70^{\circ}C$ regardless of alkyl chain length of sodium n-alkylsulfates. In distilled water without surfactant, the detergency of tripalmitin on cotton was also decreased above $70^{\circ}C$, but the detergency of tripalmitin on cuprammonium rayon was not decreased above $70^{\circ}C$. effects seemed to be caused by fiber structure. Though the melting point of mixture of tripalmitin and dodecane was lower than that of tripalmitin, the optimum and decrement temperature of detergency were not altered. Finally the results of this study were shown that the surfactant and characteristics of soil did not affect on the mode of detergency vs temperature, but the fiber structure.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2004

Feasibility of electrokinetic process combined with Fenton-like reaction was investigated for the removal of phenanthrene from contaminated soil. Transport of hydrogen peroxide by electroosmosis and decomposition of phenanthrene by Fenton-like reaction were observed in a model system. Electrical potential gradient and electroosmotic flow (EOF) at 10 mA were higher than those at 5 mA. High accumulated EOF resulted in high removal efficiency of phenanthrene because the large amount of hydrogen peroxide was transfered through the soil. Removal efficiency of phenanthrene by water washing was 8.5% for 7 days. The highest removal efficiency including phenanthrene decomposition was 95.6% for 14 days. After the operation, soil samples with removal efficiency of 95.6% showed low concentrations of phenanthrene and its intermediates. From this result, it was presumed that phenanthrene was decomposed to small molecules or mineralized to water and carbon dioxide due to continuous supply of hydrogen peroxide by electroosmotic flow.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.118-120
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• 1990

A mulberry field and 3 graftage nurseries in Puyo were flooded for 2 to 5 days in 1987 to investigate flood damage. The effect of fertilization upon fall yield in previously flood fields was also studied. The results were : 1. Graftage which received 2 days of flood were alive with decaying leaves submerged under water. Graftages submerged completely for 5 days died, whereas those whose top appeared above the water lived. Graftages which were knocked down by water and scratched by sand, following washing by a fire engine, died. 2. Mulberry trees flooded for 5 days were alive when tops were above the water. 3. Mud soil carried by the flood and deposited on the mulberry had a pH of 6.43, organic matter 2.4%, and available phosphorus of 124ppm. The original sandy soil of the mulberry field had a pH of 5.52, organic matter 0.3%, and available phosphorus of 467ppm. Mud, as a clayey soil with higth fertility, may play a role in soil building. 4. Mulberry from the flooded field showed 3.4% higher yield with additional fertilization than no fertilization. This suggests nitrogen a mobile element, was lost in the flood.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1973

The newly devised column set is better than the conventional method with centrifuge, suction filter instruments for saturating of the salt and washing out the excess of salt for C. E. C. determination in soils. 1. The new method has a high significance with one suction filter set. 2. The new method deminishes the time and effort of analysis by one third. It can analyze many samples at a time. 3. It is able to analyze without expensive instruments (e. g. vaccum pump, shaker, suction apparatus and centrifuge).

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2001

According to a series of batch-scale washing tests, SDS+$POE_5$ and $POE_5$+$POE_14$ were determined for the applicable mixed surfactants. Because SDS+$POE_5$ showed slightly negative effects on the microbes in the toxicity tests, $POE_5$+$POE_14$((1:1) 1%) was chosen for this study. In the in-situ flushing experiments, the removal rate of endosulfan was 67% for the injection rate of 1.5L/min/$\textrm{km}^2$. And when methanol and ethanol were added as cosolvent, 75% and 81% removal efficiencies were achieved, respectively. In the tests of bioremediation after the application of in-situ flushing, the removal rates of contaminated soils having 13mg/kg dry soil and 3mg/kg dry soil as initial concentrations were 86% and 81%, respectively. There were no significant degradation after 24 hours. The major rate-limiting factor for the biodegradation of endosulfan might be the mass transfer from soil phase to liquid phase after 24 hours. With the addition of surfactant, 89% removal was achieved after 120 hours. Because the surfactant improved the mass transfer rate, the biodegradation of endosulfan was enhanced. When surfactant and cosolvent were added together, the adaptation period of microorganisms to the surfactant became longer and the removal rates were 84% and 83% for methanol and ethanol, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.690-696
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• 1996

In order to study the affect of surfactants on the soil removal, the dispersion and polar force components of surface tension for surfactant solutions (such as LAS, AS, AOS, AES, AE) were calculated using extended Fowkes equation. The contact angles on paraffin and surface tension of surfactant solutions were measured. Cmcs of LAS, AS, AES and AE were below the concentration of 0.05%, but the cmc of AOS was between 0.05% and 0.1%. The surface tension of AE was lowest but the dispersion force component was greastest. Total surface tension of every mixed anionic surfactant was lower than that of single surfactants, and the dispersion force components were almost decreased. The addition of sodium carbonate to the sufactant solutions decreased the surface tension, and the surface tensions of surfactant solutions were lowered after washing.