• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2017

The temperature of subsea pipeline, approximately as high as $100^{\circ}C$, is significantly higher than the temperature of surrounding sea water and sediment. In this reason, heat can be lost from the subsea pipeline to cause serious operation problem. Therefore it is important that the subsea pipeline must be designed to ensure that heat loss is small enough. Heat loss of unburied pipeline is higher than buried pipeline. For that purpose, trenching and backfilling system is a commonly used method for maintaining flow assurance in subsea pipeline installation. For this commonly used method, knowing thermal conductivity of backfill is essential to protect a heat loss of pipeline. This paper presents thermal conductivity of backfill soil using laboratory model test and numerical analysis for various backfill. In conclusion, it can be seen that higher the sand content of the man-made backfill sample, the higher the thermal conductivity. On the other hand, as the water content increases, the thermal conductivity becomes smaller.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2010

Investigation of the effective soil thermal conductivity(k) is the first step in designing the ground loop heat exchanger(borehole) of a geothermal heat pump system. The line source method is required by New and Renewable Energy Center of Korea Energy Management Corporation in analyzing data obtained from thermal response tests. Another important factor in designing the ground loop heat exchanger is the borehole thermal resistance($R_b$). There are two methods to evaluate $R_b$ : one is to use a line source method, and the other is to use a shape factor of the borehole. In this study, we demonstrated that the line source method produces better results than the shape factor method in evaluating $R_b$. This is because the borehole thermal resistance evaluated with the line source method characteristically reduces the temperature differences between an actual and a theoretical thermal behaviors of the borehole. Evaluation of $R_b$ requires soil volumetric heat capacity. However, the effect of the soil volumetric heat capacity on the borehole thermal resistance is very small. Therefore, it is possible to use a generally accepted average value of soil volumetric heat capacity($=2MJ/m^3{\cdot}K$) in the analysis. In this work, it is also shown that an acceptable range of the initial ignoring time should be in the range of 8~16hrs. Thus, a mean value of 12 hrs is recommended.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2016

최근 들어 경제적이고 친환경적인 에너지 활용을 위하여 지열에너지의 필요성이 점차 증대되고 있다. 특히 지열히트펌프 시스템(geothermal heat pump system)으로 불리는 지열 냉난방 시스템의 적용성이 계속 확대되고 있다. 이러한 지열히트펌프 시스템에서 지반의 열전도도와 열확산계수와 같은 지중 열물성은 설계 과정에서 매우 중요한 변수이기에 현장 열응답 시험(thermal response test)을 통해 지반의 열전도도를 산출해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 U와 2U 타입의 지중 열교환기를 매립지 지반에 설치한 후 48시간 동안 현장 열응답 시험을 수행하였으며 지반의 열전도도 뿐만 아니라 지반의 열확산계수를 비선형 회귀분석을 통해 산정할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다. 또한 지중 열교환기가 설치된 지반의 시료를 채취하여 실내 열물성 실험을 수행하였으며 이를 현장 열응답 시험을 통해 도출된 지반의 열전도도 및 열확산계수 값과 비교하였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2008

국내 16개 기상관측소에서 채취한 토양 시료에 대한 물성 실험을 통하여 토양의 공극률, 함수비, 밀도 및 입도 분포특성이 열전도도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 상관성 분석결과 열전도도는 공극률이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 부의 상관성을 보이며 함수비가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 정의 상관성을 갖는다. 입도 분포 특성에 의한 열전도도의 변화는 미비하며 토양 입자 밀도가 클수록 열전도도가 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 건조 토양의 경우 동일한 공극률에서도 열전도도의 차이가 크게 나타났다. 실험 자료를 이용하여 열전도도에 주된 영향을 미치는 공극률과 함수비를 변수로 하는 다중선형회귀모형 및 비선형회귀모형을 제시하였으며, 회귀모형의 결정계수는 각각 0.74 및 0.82로 높게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 공극률과 함수비를 측정하여 토양의 열전도도를 예측하는데 이용될 수 있다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.79-98
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• 2014

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on the evaluation of a thermal response test using a precast high-strength concrete (PHC) energy pile and a closed vertical system with W-type ground heat exchangers (GHEs). Field thermal response tests (TRTs) were conducted on a PHC energy pile and on a general vertical GHE installed in a multiple layered soil ground. The equivalent ground thermal conductivity was determined by using the results from TRTs. A simple analytical solution is suggested in this research to derive an equivalent ground thermal conductivity of the multilayered soils for vertically buried GHEs. The PHC energy pile and general vertical system were numerically modeled using a three dimensional finite element method to compare the results with TRTs'. Borehole thermal resistance values were also obtained from the numerical results, and they were compared with various analytical solutions. Additionally, the effect of ground thermal conductivity on the borehole thermal resistance was analyzed.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.1487-1493
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• 2008

The frost heaving is related with thermal conduction rate and permeability. If the thermal conduction rate can be controlled, it is effective to prevent from frost heaving. If soil mixed with shredded tire which has relatively lower thermal conduction rate than soil, it helps preventing from frost heaving. However, in this case, the shear strength can get weak. In this study, we compared thermal conduction rate of soil and shredded tire, and test uniaxial compression strength of soil which is mixed with shredded tire and cement in different ratio.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.359-376
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• 2014

Thermal conductivity of ground has a great influence on the performance of Ground Heat Exchangers (GHEs). In general, the ground thermal conductivity significantly depends on the density (or porosity) and the moisture content since they are decisive factors that determine the interface area between soil particles which is available for heat transfer. In this study, a large number of thermal conductivity experiments were conducted for soils of varying porosity and moisture content, and a database of thermal properties for the weathered granite soils was set up. Based on the database, a 3D Curved Surface Model and an Artificial Neural Network Model (ANNM) were proposed for estimating the thermal conductivity. The new models were validated by comparing predictions by the models with new thermal conductivity data, which had not been used in developing the models. As for the 3D CSM, the normalized average values of training and test data were 1.079 and 1.061 with variations of 0.158 and 0.148, respectively. The predictions became somewhat unreliable in a low range of thermal conductivity values in considering the distribution pattern. As for the ANNM, the 'Logsig-Tansig' transfer function combination with nine neurons gave the most accurate estimates. The normalized average values of training data and test data were 1.006 and 0.954 with variations of 0.026 and 0.098, respectively. It can be concluded that the ANNM gives much better results than the 3D CSM.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2012

동토를 대상으로 건설되는 지반구조물과 방사능 폐기물 처리장의 점토벽체의 성능을 결정하기 위해서는 정확한 세립토의 열전도계수 산정이 중요하다. 그러나 세립토의 경우 시료 성형과정에서의 교란, 포화상태 유지, 그리고 측정 장치의 장기발열로 인해 함수비 구배 발생과 같은 기존 열전도계수 측정 장비의 문제점으로 인해 열전도계수 측정에 오차가 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 압밀장비를 개조하여 열전도계수 측정용 니들프로브를 삽입한 상태에서 압밀시험을 활용하여 하중조건과 건조밀도의 변화에 따른 열전도계수를 연속적으로 측정하였다. 또한 실내실험 결과를 토대로 흙입자 구성성분의 열전도계수를 고려한 예측 모델의 신뢰성을 분석하였다.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 1999년도 Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Conference The Korean Society of Agricutural Engineers
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• pp.638-644
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• 1999

The objectives of the study are to investigate thermal conductivity(TC) and coefficient of thermal transmission (CTT) according to the type of soils, the presence of reinforceemnt, temperature, relative humidity and to analyze experimentally the characteristics of thermal transfer of reinforced soil wall. Results are summarized as follows ; 1) Clayey soil has high value of TC and CTT than sandy soil. 2) TC and CTT of reinforced soil wall is about 6∼17% higher than those of reinforced one, 3) It is founded that the effect of relative humidity on the soil wall is important at the same temperature and 4) As the temperature is high, it is appeared that TC and CTT are high.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.533-544
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• 2008

To obtain the physical properties of grout materials, that is the thermal conductivity and viscosity, which are used for backfilling ground heat exchangers, nine bentonite grouts and cement grouts being adapted in the United State have been considered in this study. The bentonite grouts show that the thermal conductivity and viscosity increase with the content of bentonite or filler (silica sand). The saturated cement grouts appear to possess much higher thermal conductivity than the saturated bentonite grouts, and the reduction of thermal conductivity in the cement grouts after drying specimens is less than the case of the bentonite grouts. To investigate the performance of cement grouts, fifteen samples were prepared by varying the water/cement ratio and the amount of sand and bentonite added into the cement mortar. Maintaining the moisture content of grouts is a crucial factor in enhancing the efficiency of ground heat exchangers.