• International Journal of Railway
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2016

An approach section on an abutment is located between the soil embankment and the structure, which may cause an uneven surface due to different settlement between the abutment and the soil embankment. This study proposes a new type of wall which separates the abutment from the backfill material using mechanically stabilized wall. A new type of keystone which incorporates geotube and wire mesh is proposed and evaluated. Numerical analyses were performed to investigate the applicability of the proposed keystone type, which incorporates Geosynthetic. The maximum horizontal displacements along GRS wall faces, settlements at the top of pavement and track bed, and tensile forces applied on geotextiles under traffic loads were investigated. The results of the numerical analysis showed that the proposed wall can be used for highway and high-speed railway abutment.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.459-474
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• 2017

To investigate the mechanical properties of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Beads Stabilized Lightweight Soil (EBSLS), Laboratory studies were conducted. Totally 20 sets of specimens according to the complete test design were prepared and tested with unconfined compressive test and consolidated drained triaxial test. Results showed that dry density of EBSLS ($0.67-1.62g/cm^3$) decreases dramatically with the increase of EPS beads volumetric content, while increase slightly with the increase of cement content. Unconfined compressive strength (10-2580 kPa) increases dramatically in parabolic relationship with the increase of cement content, while decreases with the increase of EPS beads volumetric content in hyperbolic relationship. Cohesion (31.1-257.5 kPa) increases with the increase of cement content because it is mainly caused by the bonding function of hydration products of cement. The more EPS beads volumetric content is, the less dramatically the increase is, which is a result of the cohesion between hydration products of cement and EPS beads is less than that between hydration products of cement and sand particles. Friction angle ($14.92-47.42^{\circ}$) decreases with the increase of EPS beads volumetric content, which is caused by the smoother surfaces of EPS beads than sand grains. The stress strain curves of EBSLS tend to be more softening with the increase of EPS beads content or the decrease of cement content. The shear contraction of EBSLS increases with the increase of $c_e$ or the decrease of $c_c$. The results provided quantitative relationships between physico-mechanical properties of EBSLS and material proportion, and design process for engineering application of EBSLS.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 토목섬유 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.105-116
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• 1999

The Inchon International Airport site was formed by reclaimed soil from the sea. The average thickness of soft soil Is about 5 m and most of soft soils are normally consolidated or slightly over consolidated. There are many box culverts which are being constructed under the runways in the airfield. Sometimes, differential settlement can be occurred in the adjacent of box culvert or underground structures at the top layer of runway Soil compaction at very near to the structure is not easy all the time. Thus, one layer of geogrid was placed at the bottom of lean concrete layer for the concrete paved runway and at the middle of cement stabilized sub-base course layer for the asphalt paved runway. The length of geogrid reinforcement is 5m from the end of box culvert for both sides. The extended length of geogrid was 2m from the end of backfill soil in the box culvert. The tensile strength tests of geogrid were conducted for make sure the chemical compatibility with cement treated sub-base material. The location of geogrid placement for the concrete paved runway was evaluated. The construction damage to the geogrid could be occurred. Because the cement treated sub-base layer or lean concrete was spread by the finisher. The magnitude of tensile strength reduction was 1.16%~1.90% due to the construction damage and the ultimate tensile strength is maintained with the specification required. Total area of geogrid placement in this project is about 50,000 $m^2$.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.533-544
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• 2018

The importance of using materials cost effectively to enhance the strength and reduce the cost, and weight of earth fill materials in geotechnical engineering led researchers to seek for modifying the soil properties by adding proper additives. Lightweight fill materials made of soil, binder, water, and Expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads are increasingly being used in geotechnical practices. This paper primarily investigates the behavior of sandy soil, modified by EPS particles. Besides, the mechanical properties of blending sand, EPS and the binder material such as fly ash and cement were examined in different mixing ratios using a number of various laboratory studies including the Modified Standard Proctor (MSP) test, the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test and the Direct Shear test (DST). According to the results, an increase of 0.1% of EPS results in a reduction of the density of the mixture for 10%, as well as making the mixture more ductile rather than brittle. Moreover, the compressive strength, CBR value and shear strength parameters of the mixture decreases by an increase of the EPS beads, a trend on the contrary to the increase of cement and fly ash content.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2018

해성점토가 주를 이루고 있는 연안지역에서는 높은 함수비와 많은 세립토 함유로 매립 및 투기도 많은 어려움이 따르고 있고 시공에 있어 성토재의 부족이라는 또 다른 문제에 직면하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 제지애쉬 첨가 고화제를 혼합한 현장발생 유용토의 동상특성이나 강도특성을 고려한 배합비를 결정하기 위해 혼합토의 광물학적 분석은 물론 배합비에 따른 강성의 변화를 분석하기 위한 일축압축강도실험을 수행하였다. 또한 현장발생토의 고화처리 효과를 검증하고 노상재로의 활용성을 평가하기 위해 동상시험과 휠트래킹시험을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 제지애쉬 첨가 고화제를 6% 혼합할 경우 전반적으로 흙쌓기 재료의 품질기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며 본 연구 결과가 현장발생토의 활용에 대한 적합한 사용기준으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

This study assessed the feasibility of iron oxide nanoparticles impregnated with biochar (INPBC), derived from woody biomass, as a stabilizing agent for the stabilization of farmland soil in the vicinity of an abandoned mine through pot experiments with 28 days of lettuce growth. The lettuce grown in the INPBC amended soils increased by more than 100% and the concentrations of inorganic elements (Cu, Ni, Zn) decreased by more than 40%. As, Cd and Pb were not transferred properly from the soils to the lettuce biomass. The bioavailability of arsenic and heavy metals in the INPBC amended soils were decreased by 26%~50%. It seems that the major mechanisms of stabilization were arsenic adsorption on iron oxides, heavy metal precipitation by soil pH increasing and heavy metal adsorption on organic matter. These results revealed that the lower bioavailability of the inorganic pollutants in the soils stabilized using INPBC induced lower transfer to the lettuce. Thus, INPBC could be used as an amendment material for the stabilization of farmland soils contaminated by arsenic and heavy metals. However, a pre-review of the chemical properties of the amended soil must be performed prior to applying INPBC in farmland soil because the concentration of the nutrients in the soil such as available phosphates and exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K) could be decreased due to adsorption on the surface of the iron oxides and organic matter.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2014

The aim of this paper was to study the effect of five different waste combinations (C/N 15, C/N 20, C/N 25, C/N 30, and control) of sewage sludge coupled with sawdust and cattle manure in a pilot scale rotary drum reactor, during 20 days of the composting process. Our results showed that C/N 30 possesses a higher temperature regime with higher % reduction in moisture content, total organic carbon, soluble biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand; and higher % gain in total nitrogen and phosphorus at the end of the composting period implying the total amount of biodegradable organic material is stabilized. In addition, $CO_2$ evolution and oxygen uptake rate decreased during the process, reflecting the stable behavior of the final compost. A Solvita maturity index of 8 indicated that the compost was stable and ready for usage as a soil conditioner. The results indicated that composting can be an alternate technology for the management of sewage sludge disposal.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2011

철강의 생산 중에 부산물로 발생하는 전기로 제강 환원슬래그는 토질안정제로서의 적용성, 결합재 및 팽창재로서 활용법에 대한 약간의 연구 보고만 있을 뿐, 전기로 제강 환원슬래그 재활용에 관한 연구 및 시공실적은 거의 없는 실정이다. 본 연구는 전기로 제강 환원슬래그를 토목 분야에 재활용할 수 있는 방법을 모색하는데 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 SEM, XRF 시험을 수행하였다. 이를 바탕으로 풍화토 및 점토와 환원슬래그를 일정한 혼합율로 혼합한 후, 환원슬래그 혼합토의 물리 공학적 특성을 고찰하기 위한 다양한 지반공학적 실내시험을 수행하였다. 다짐시험에서는 환원슬래그의 혼합율이 증가할수록 최대건조단위중량이 감소하고 최적함수비는 증가하였다. 이것은 환원슬래그를 성토재 및 재하재로 사용할 경우, 환원슬래그가 혼합된 풍화토는 지내력의 증가 등의 관점에서는 성토재 및 재하재로 적합하지 않음을 의미한다. 환원슬래그와 풍화토를 혼합한 환원슬래그 혼합토의 전단강도 특성은 일반적인 모래의 내부마찰각보다 약간 크거나 비슷하였고, 투수특성 또한 실트 또는 모래와 비슷한 결과를 확인하였다. 환원슬래그와 점토를 혼합한 환원슬래그 혼합토의 일축압축강도는 순수점토의 일축압축강도보다 크게 나타났고, 재령일수가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 연약점토 지반의 표층개량에 적용할 경우 개량효과가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2015

최근 산림 훼손지를 원래 상태로 되돌리기 위한 생태복원에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 인공 비탈면을 보강하면서 친환경적인 녹화가 될 수 있는 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 이러한 생태복원을 목표로 식생생육의 기반이 되는 인공토양의 조성과 관련된 많은 기술들이 개발되고 있는 추세이다. 본 연구에서는 하수오니, 톱밥, 제지슬러지, 화강풍화토가 포함되어 사용되고 있는 녹생토와 친환경적인 토양안정재를 활용하여 연구수행을 하였다. 토양안정재와 혼합된 녹생토를 이용해 기본물성실험을 통해 녹생토의 기본적인 특성을 분석하였으며, 친환경적인 토양안정재를 일정비율로 녹생토와 혼합하여 각각의 비율에 따른 전단강도실험을 수행하여 최대전단강도를 분석하고 이에 따른 점착력과 내부마찰각을 산정하였다. 그리고 녹생토와 토양안정재의 혼합비율을 전단강도실험과 동일한 조건으로 비탈면의 기울기를 적용하여 토양안정재의 혼합비율에 대한 침식률과 발아율을 분석하여 주변 환경적 요인에 대처 가능한 토양안정재의 경제적인 혼합비율을 고찰하고자 한다. 실험결과 양생기간과 안정재의 혼합률에 따라 최대 51%까지 전단강도가 증가하였으며, 실험결과를 바탕으로 내부마찰각과 점착력이 모두 상승한 점을 확인하여 안정재가 녹생토의 전단성능 과침식저항 향상에 기여하고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2004년도 제20회 발표논문집
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• pp.115-130
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• 2004

Plant-based cultural assets using straw and grass as household goods of our people's have been used as indispensable tools for practical living for a very long time. However, only a limited number of artifacts were unearthed so far due to tile fragility of the material. For this reason, research on plant-based cultural properties had close to no progress, and the appropriateness of the PEG method, high-grade alcohol method, alcohol--ether-resin method, and Paraloid B-72 used in preserving plant-based cultural properties has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, this study examined the weight change rate by applying the methods of Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying used mostly as a earth-layer hardening material among PEG and acrylic resin, which are applied widely for preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood, as a means to preserve plant-based cultural properties along with the examination of the subject material, and an experiment was also performed on moisture absorption. The findings as a result were, first, the plant-based material being studied was found to be Typha (Typha orientalis Presl). Secondly, the weight change experiment applying $PEG\#400$ and $PEG\#4000$ confirmed a steady increase of weight if PEG -2Step is used for treatment. Third, in preserving all subject materials with soil, treatment with $PEG\#4000$, Primal MC-76, and vacuum freeze-drying showed that tile vacuum freeze-drying method resulted in the largest or $20\%$ reduction in weight, while Primal MC-76 resulted in $18\%$ and $PEG\#4000$ in $8\%$ of weight reduction. It was concluded that, considering the stability of soil measurement, this came to be because resin permeation was carried out along with tile drying process. Fourth, the weight changes were found to be around $10\%$ in various humidity conditions after the preservation treatment. The greatest weight change rate was seen in the case of $PEG\#4000$, particularly having chemicals gush out in a high humidity (RH $84\%$ or higher) environment. In the case of Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying methods, $6\~8\%$ weight changes were detected, and the lowest weight change was found in the case of the vacuum freeze-drying method. Fifth, as for color changes after treatment, blackening occurred most strongly with $PEG\#4000$, while Primal MC-76 and vacuum freeze-drying manifested colors closest to dry straw or grass. However, the texture of straw was not very evident in the case of Primal MC-76, due to a glossy surface, but vacuum freeze-drying was found to offer tile best result in terms of texture. Putting together the results of the above experiments, vacuum freeze-drying presented after being treated with PEG2-Step the most stabilized changes in weight, while it offered the smallest change in color as well.