• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.385-391
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• 2020

Soil loss is a serious problem frequently caused by local torrential rainfalls due to climate change. In particular, soil loss is occurring in agricultural areas rather than urban areas, and many pollutants are introduced into rivers, causing environmental problems. To reduce soil loss, the Ministry of Environment has designated and managed non-point source management areas. The Jaun-district in Hongcheon-gun, which was designed as a non-point pollution source management area in Gangwon-do, is located in the upper stream of Soyang Lake. Most of the agricultural fields are composed of highland agriculture fields. The highland agricultural fields in the Jaun-district are also composed of large-scale farming areas, and the ditches located near the agricultural fields have been illegally used for farmland. Therefore, the local government in Hongcheon-gun is conducting a project to restore the ditches occupied by agricultural fields. However, an analysis of the amount of soil loss that can be reduced by the restoration of the ditches has not been conducted yet. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of reducing the soil loss from the restoration of the ditches used as agricultural fields in the Jaun-district. The SATEEC L Module was used to analyze the reduction in soil loss by ditch restoration. The SATEEC L Module was constructed to estimate the LS factor using Moore and Burch's method after calculating the slope length using the digital elevation model and the maximum allowable slope length. The LS factor and the USLE formula were used to estimate the amount of soil loss that could be reduced by ditch restoration. The analysis showed that the ditch restoration could reduce about 16.6% of the soil loss in the Jaun-district. The results of this study will contribute to the study of methods to reduce soil loss in non-point pollution management areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.98-109
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop revegetation methods for the restoration of the steep slopes by recycling of bark compost and mushroom media. In general, bark compost and mushroom media can be used as soil media for the restoration works, because they can increase infiltration of rainfall and give enough porous to breathe and elongate for the root growth as well as environmental value. This experiment was carried out to know the effect of soil media composed by different ratio of mushroom media for the restoration of steep rock-exposed slopes, and to certificate how soil media(PEC) will be effective to germinate and grow for native plants. The main results of the study are summarized as follows; 1. In percent coverage, the soil media PEC1 is more valuable than PEC2. The seed mixtures recommended by Government of Transportation and Construction can be used at PEC1 and PEC2, but it will be more useful if the total amount of seed are reduced and seed mixtures are altered in a direction of native plants. 2. The soil media is under 20 mm tested by Yamanaka Hardiness Tester which is available for the seed germination and growth. 3. The surface cracks are not occurred in PEC1 and PEC2, but more than 30 cracks per 1 square meter are occurred at soil media which is constructed by normal soil-seed-fertilizer hydro-seeding methods. 4. The soil moisture contents are over 20 percent level during 15 day. Such moisture content in soil media will be effective for the plant growth. By using Terra-Control, PEC can maintain enough soil moisture. 5. The eroded soils from $60^{\circ}$ slopes by artificial rainfall with the intensity of 20 mm/hr in one day after seeding are estimated under 1%. By the results of erosion test, it comes to the conclusion that soil media of PEC can be adapted at steep rock exposed slopes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.71-84
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• 2021

Restoration of DMZ has come up with the discussion on the peaceful use of the DMZ and the conservation plan of the army. In this study, we aim to identify soil characteristics of 108 sites to figure out environmental conditions around the iron fence of DMZ where vegetation has been removed repeatedly. Based on the soil characteristics and climate variables, hierarchy clustering was performed to categorize sites. As a result, we categorized 108 sites into 4 types: middle elevation region, lowland, East coast lowland, other areas. Group of 'other area' is only high in nutrient and clay proportion. Others are in igneous rock and metamorphic rocks with a high proportion of sand and lower nutrients than the optimum range of growth in Korean forest soil. The middle elevation region has a high altitude, low temperature. The east coast lowland has a high temperature in January and low precipitation. The lowland has a low altitude and high temperature. This category provides the environmental condition around the DMZ fence and can be used to select plants for restoration. The restoration project around the DMZ iron fence should satisfy the security of military plans, which means that functional restoration is prior to ecological restoration such as vegetation management under a power line. Additionally, improvement of soil quality and surface stability through restoration projects is required to enhance the resilience of the ecosystem in DMZ.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.79-92
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• 2017

To offer the basic data of vegetation restoration by buried seed of soil, this research was conducted at bare land and abandoned field in Yesan-gun. Germination plants of buried seed were consisted of 40 taxa (37 species, 3 varieties) in bare land, and 41 taxa (37 species, 4 varieties) in abandoned field. Classification of germination plants by family was the most in Gramineae, and emergent frequency of plots was the highest of Digitaria ciliaris. The soil depth of the most plants appearance was 2~5cm in bare land and 5~10cm in abandoned field, and the soil depth of the most population appearance was 0~2cm both in bare land and in abandoned field. Population number of buried seed germination was decreased according to soil depth. Crepidiastrum sonchifolium was a plant that population number of buried seed germination is the most. Similarity index was 0.33 in aerial part plants and buried seed plants, and 0.55 in bare land and abandoned field.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.73-83
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to establish implications for forest restoration planning in North Korea by analyzing spatio-temporal forest changes and detecting bio-physical factors driving forest degraded. We measured the relationship and spatial distribution between shifting cultivation and sparse forest. We also analyzed between degraded forest land and ecological variables by binary logistic regression to find biophysical drivers of forest degradation and deforestation in North Korea. Between the sparse forest and the shifting cultivation, a positive relationship is found (r=0.91) and scattered discontinuously throughout the country (Moran's I = -1, Z score = -13.46 (p=0.000)). The sparse forest showed a negative relationship with the warmest month(bio 9), the coldest month(bio10), and the minimum of soil water contents (swc_min), while the shifting cultivation had a negative relationship with the warmest month(bio 9) and the minimum of soil water contents(swc_min). However, the most critical drivers convert forests into sloping farmland were the three months rainfall in summer(bio8) and the yearly mean of soil water contents. Such results reflect the growth period of crops which overlaps with the rainy season in North Korea and the recent land reclamation of uplands where the soil water contents are maintained with a dense forest. When South Korea aids forest restoration projects in North Korea, in consideration of food shortage due to North Korea's cropland deficiency, terrace farmlands where soil water contents can be maintained should be excluded from the priority restoration area. In addition, an evaluation method for selecting a potential restoration area must be modified and applied based on multiple criteria including altitude and socio-economic factors in the respective regions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.86-101
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• 2004

This study was conducted to present the ecological management of Goduk Riverside Restoration Area in Hangang, Seoul by analyzing the change of the vegetation structure. The survey site was classified into three groups. These were the vegetation restoration area, the dry plant area, and the swampy plant area. There were 141 taxa including naturalized plants and 13 species recorded in 2001 and 258 taxa including naturalized plants and 42 species were recorded in 2003 by monitoring. Monitoring results showed that the alien plants such as Humulus japonicus expanded continuously except in the vegetation restoration area. It was found that the growing status of planted shrub plants were poor, and the naturalized plants status was thriving, and the soil environment was bad in the vegetation restoration area. The alien plants such as Humulus japonicus and Aster pilosus dominated continuously in the dry plant area. The swampy native herb plants number was decreased, but the Humulus japonicus community was expanded caused by the soil drying in the swampy plant area. Soil analysis showed that the soil acidity, the available phosphates and the concentration of calcium were highly effected by cultivation. We propose ecological management as follows based on the results of the change of vegetation and soil characteristics. The vegetation restoration area should be managed by visitor's characteristics. Replanting vegetations should be based on soil characteristics. The removal of naturalized plants and established monitoring with plots is also needed. In the dry plant area and the swampy plant area, naturalized plants need to be removed in order to facilitate bio-diversity and monitoring.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.70-79
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• 2002

This study was conducted to develop environmental restoration methods for the ecological restoration of the rock exposed steep cut-slopes using native woody plants seeds by the hydro-seeding with artificial soil media. The main results are summarized as follows; 1. Quercus spp. seeded after seed treatment germinated over 80% and most of them grew well until one year. So, Quercus spp. can grow at the extremely dry rock exposed slopes revegetated by hydro-seeding with soil-fertilizer-seed mixed media. 2. The germinated seedlings grew well at the slopes oriented southeast. But in case of the survival ratio of the germinated seedlings, northwestward slopes was the best. 3. In case of the using pot seedlings of the Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, it shows more beautiful scenery than the area using cool-season grasses. 4. As the results of the experiment, Albizzia julibrissin, Quercus spp. and Lespedeza crytobotrya can be useful at the restoration and revegatation of the cut-slopes. 5. At the results of the seed mixture experiment, cool-season grasses covered the ground quickly, but slowly germinated Quercus spp. and Lespedeza crytobotrya formed under story vegetation. Also, Albizzia julibrissin formed upper story vegetation will be replaced by Quercus spp. slowly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.86-95
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop recycle revegetation methods for the restoration of the steep slopes by using fresh wood chip from construction sites. In general, the fresh wood chips can be used as soil media for the restoration works, because they can increase infiltration of rainfall and give enough porous to breathe and elongate for the root growth as well as economic value. The experiment was carried out to compare the effect of fresh wood chips from different mixing with soil, organic material and macromolecular compound which used for slope restoration works conducted by Hyunwoo green(Ltd.). The main results by monitoring for two years are summarized as follows; 1. The soil media made with low percentage of fresh wood chip covered quickly by herb plants. Especially, the soil mixture Type C (wood chip 20%) showed 80 percent ground coverage within two months after seeding. 2. The soil mixture type E (wood chip 40%) and type F (wood chip 50%) which contains more fresh wood chips than soil type C was under 30 percent ground coverage because wood plants are germinated well. If the restoration works aims at making forest, then the soil type E and F would be recommended than using soil type C. 3. Among the woody plants, Ailanthus alfissima, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, and Albizzia julibrissin showed high percentage of germination rates and vigorous growth. In case of shrubs, Lespedeza cyrtobotria and Indigofera pseudo-tintoria scored high percentage of germination rates. 4. In native plants, Chrysanthemum indicum, Artemisia princeps, Lutos corniculatus and Imperata cylindrica showed high percentage of appearance. In case of introduced herbs, Coreopsis lanceolata, Coreopsis tinctoria and Oenothera oborata grew so vigorously. 5. The soil types which including fresh wood chips over 30-40 percentage showed the most diverse plant composition and the most effective germination rates and growth pattern with woody plants. 6. This works to develop recycle revegetation methods using fresh wood chips need more efforts for monitoring the exact effect of fresh wood chips as the soil media.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2017

In this study, in order to examine the change of soil animals by vegetation restoration types, experimental sites with biotope restoration method, forest topsoil paving method, small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method were applied and the control site was selected. The naturalness of soil animals was analysed by studying the change of soil animals. It was confirmed that the control site has a high level of the naturalness of soil animals as it includes a mixture of fauna sensitive and insensitive to environment distributed widely over the site. The experimental site with biotope restoration method showed a similar level of the naturalness of soil animals as the control site. Furthermore, the naturalness of soil animals in the experimental sites with small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method also showed a progressive restoration although the level of the naturalness of soil animals is lower than the experimental site with the biotope restoration method. Therefore, it is confirmed that the experimental site with biotope restoration method shows a faster recovery of soil animal than other sites. This is because this method uses the portion of topsoil and subsoil that were dug from the intact forest during transplantation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.13-20
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• 2005

This study was conducted to suggest the ecological restoration methods of the decomposed granite cut-slope by organic soil amendment materials. Field test carried out for the cut-slope with organic soil amendment materials method and other three revegetation methods in Cheongwon. Test revegetation plants were Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, and Arundinella hirta. The result of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. The soil hardness, the soil acidity, and the soil humidity of organic soil amendment materials method were at a suitable value for plants growth. And it was better as compared with other three revegetation methods of cutting-rock slopes. 2. The result of toxic substance investigation, all items were at a suitable for standard law. 3. During one year after seeding, most plants germinated and especially Festuca arundinacea and Dactylis glomerata grows well. Seedling numbers were 336.7 per $m^2$(after 6 months), 183.3 per $m^2$(after 10 months), and 353.3 per $m^2$(after 6 months). Ten months later after seeding, plants showed 80% ground coverage. Visual rate, plant height, and growth rate were excellence, Also, high plant growth in spring better than autumn.