• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.454-458
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• 2007

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is a serious problem causing the degradation of soil and water quality. Concentrated overland flow is the primary transport mechanism for a large amount of NPS pollutants from hillslope areas to downslope areas in a watershed. In this study, a soil erosion model, nLS model, to identify transitional overland flow regions (i.e., ephemeral gully head areas) was developed using the kinematic wave overland flow theory. Spatial data, including digital elevation models (DEMs), soil, and landcover, were used in the GIS-based model algorithm. The model was calibrated and validated using gully head locations in a large agricultural watershed, which were identified using 1-m aerial photography. The model performance was better than two previous approaches; the overall accuracy of the nLS model was 72 % to 87 % in one calibration subwatershed and the mean overall accuracy was 75 to 89 % in four validation subwatersheds, showing that the model well predicted potential transitional erosion areas at different watersheds. However, the user accuracy in calibration and validation was still low. To improve the user accuracy and study the effects of DEM resolution, finer resolution DEMs may be preferred because DEM grid is strongly sensitive to estimating model parameters. Information gained from this study can improve assessing soil erosion process due to concentrated overland flow as well as analyze the effect of microtopographic landscapes, such as riparian buffer areas, in NPS control.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.21-33
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• 2013

The purpose of the study is to evaluate engineering properties of Ferro Nickel Slag (FNS) and to investigate the effects of FNS on potential contamination of surrounding soil and water through small and large chamber tests. Soil conditions in the chamber tests were made as closely as possibile to the field conditions. In order to simulate different types of water, we used fresh water, acidic water and seawater. Sand soils were made with relative densities of 40% and 60%, and clay with the degree of compaction of 90%. After flushing water through the FNS in the chambers was completed, the PH test was performed for the water flowing out of the chambers and the soil samples were collected for soil pollution analysis. Based on the results of the chamber tests, although the pollution level was slightly higher in the silt than in the sand, the environmental effect that FNS causes the surrounding soil was found to be very minimal. This indicates that FNS can be used as construction material in place of natural aggregates.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2016

Heavy metal pollution in agricultural fields at the abandoned metal mines has been serious problems in Korea. In order to manage heavy metal pollution in surface water and soil, numerous remediation strategies have been established. Therefore, main purpose of this research was to examine feasibility of ecological toxicity assessment for establishing management strategy in heavy metal polluted agricultural fields. Heavy metal concentration in surface water and soil was monitored along with ecotoxicity experiment with Daphnia magna and Eisenia fetida. Result showed that high toxicity was observed in heavily polluted agricultural field with heavy metals. In case of mortality of Daphnia magna (85%) and Eisenia fetida (6.7%), the highest ratio was observed when heavy metal concentration in surface and soil was high. Calculated ecotoxicity index (EI) ranged 0.06-0.30 and the highest EI was observed in heavily polluted sites among 5 abandoned metal mines. Overall, ecological toxicity assessment is necessary to evaluate heavy metal pollution in agricultural fields near at the abandoned metal mines along with chemical concentration analysis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.725-732
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• 1994

To provide a basis for setting up an environmental pollution policy of Pusan, an investigation of metal contents in the soil of Pusan was carried out from May, 1993 to April, 1994. Soil was sampled from 10 sites of industrial area,8 sites of commercial area, 8 sites of residential area, 8 sites of green area and 8 sites of agricultural area. The industrial area was the most heavily polluted and the average contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb and As were 0.580, 19.377, 67.348, 59.638, 58.555 and 1.006 ppm, respectively. In the soil of commercial area, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb and As were 0.453, 19.110, 63.384, 56.006, 37.466 and 0.578 ppm, respectively, and the average contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb and As were 0.289, 10.312, 55.246, 55.536, 17.695 and 0.610 ppm, respectively, in the soil of residential area. The green area was the least polluted and the average contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb and As were 0.215, 5.949, 19.366, 37.244, 6.856 and 0.295 ppm, respectively. In the soil of agricultural area, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb and As were 0.160, 7.077, 25.365, 51.485, 10.607 and 0.499 ppm, respectively The fact that the Cd content of agricultural area was lower than that of green area is remarkable.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.81-90
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• 2010

In this study, primary investigation for evaluation of abandoned metal mine effect on watershed has been done. 64 abandoned mines have been selected for primary investigation through literature and field survey. 216 soil and 90 water samples were collected and metal pollution concentrations were analyzed. 24 mines have mine water in the pits and acid water below pH 5 was not observed. Soils from 35 mines were over the soil basis of concern and 16 mines were over the soil basis of action. Arsenic average concentration was 188 times of average concentration of the natural background. Drinking water samples from 3 mines were over the drinking water standard and surface water samples from 12 mines were over the river water standard. Integrated pollution index, which was resulted from the integration of field survey, soil and water pollution concentration, showed that, abandoned metal mines had affected on watershed greatly in the order of Samgeum, Daedeok, Cheongdalgeum, Heungsin, Yeongdae and Myeongbong mines.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.805-812
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• 2009

Permeation water resulting in the reclaimed land of waste can possibly cause the second pollution, such as the underground water and environmental pollution. Accordingly, Liner layer has been installed in the reclaimed land of waste to block and purify permeation water and prevent this second pollution. The material used as Liner layer is the one for water resistance and that of less than permeability coefficient $1{\times}10^{-7}cm/sec$ is widely used. As it is very difficult to secure in bulk this natural clay with low permeability around the field, the suitable way to secure low permeable material is that we use blend with good watertighness by mixing it with natural soil which is spread in the site. While this mixed soil which can resist water is commonly used in the site, bentonite mixed soil which is widely used as Liner layer in the reclaimed land of waste is recognized in Liner and durability. In this study, the engineering characteristics of soil-bentonite mixed liner are investigated using the laboratory hydraulic conductivity and uni-axial strength tests. The soil used for the liner is the clay soil located near the site. Mixing ratio of the bentonite which satisfies the requirement of hydraulic conductivity is determined and the optimum mixing ratio of bentonite is recommended for the landfill. After the mixed liner is constructed using the optimum mixing ratio of bentonite, the block samples of the constructed liner are obtained and the strength tests were performed. The hydraulic and strength properties of the liner for construction of the waste landfill were both satisfactory.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.724-734
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• 2019

This study selected a representative small arm firing range and analyzed the distribution of heavy metal pollutants such as Pb, Cu, Zn, etc. For this the concentrations of heavy metals in soils, roots and leaves of plants, and water of the small arm firing range were measured. The concentrations of heavy metals in the effluent were also checked during precipitation. The concentration of lead in the samples collected from the top soil(0-5 cm) and sub soil(5-50 cm) near the target in the small arm firing range exceeded the concern level of the Soil Environment Conservation Act of Korea, but not in other soil samples. Plants that grow in soil heavily contaminated with lead showed a high lead concentration, especially in roots. However, the concentration of lead in effluent from the small arm firing range was less than 0.02 ppm. The concentration of copper and zinc in the small arm firing range did not surpass the concern level of the Soil Environment Conservation Act of Korea. Through this study more accurate information on the distribution of heavy metal pollution in the soil of the small arm firing range was obtained. Based on this research, we can conclude that some facility improvements can reduce the spreading of pollutants in the currently used small arm firing range and contribute to the design and operation of advanced small arm firing ranges.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.208-211
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• 2011

The lowest amount of heavy metals was found outside the city (25 km away), the highest amount was found near the thermoelectric power plant, and the average amount was discovered in the central part of the city. The presence of heavy metals in soil samples resulted in reduction of several important soil characteristics (pH, humus content, soil "breathing"). Use of simple and quick methods to examine soil with high heavy metals pollution resulted in the discovery of a pedobiota group, consisting of nematodes, fungi (genus Fusarium) and Protozoa which indicated the toxicity of the Almaty city soils.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.188-193
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• 1998

Soil pH change is an important factor which determines soil chemical properties. It is an indicator of the effect of urban environmental pollution on soils and plant growth. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of air pollution on the soil of Seoul urban forests during the course of the air pollution being dipersed toward suburb area. Study sites were divided into four sections of concentric circles with 5km interval. Soil samples were collected from A and B horizons in the urban forests, and analyzed for soil pH, soil buffer capacity, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. Soil pH ranged from 3.96 to 5.08 for A horizon and from 4.10 to 5.25 for B horizon, which were not significantly different among the sections. However, there was a trend of soil pH lowered at the sections close to the urban center. Soil buffer capacity was lower at 0-5km and 5-10km sections compared to that at the outer sections. Cation exchange capacity and base saturation were not different significantly among the sections. Following the pattern of air pollutants being dispersed from urban center to suburb, soil acidification was observed at the urban forests in Seoul area. Low level of soil buffer capacity toward the urban center was an indicator of soil acidification at the urban forests.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.1
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• pp.98-104
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• 1997

Soil pollution intensity at Mt. Namsan in Seoul city which was expected to show significant soil contamination due to long-term air pollution was evaluated by comparing soil chemical properties at Mt. Kyebangsan in Hongcheon area as a control, and the bacteria participating in nitrogen or sulfur mineralization were assayed simultaneously in order to evaluate the validity of N and/or S mineralization bacteria as an index of soil contamination. The soil of Mt. Namsan showed 10 times higher concentration of hydrogen ion compared to that of Mt. Kyebangsan, which indicated that the soil had relatively been acidified seriously. Especially, large amount of canons were thought to be leached out from the soil, while the amount of extractable Al was getting larger and larger, which result in serious problems in soil ecosystem of the mountain. I could infer from soil chemical properties of the four study sites that the major reason of soil acidification was SOx deposition. However, the sulfur-reducing bacteria were not significantly different between the two regions, which indicated that the microbial dynamics of the soil ecosystem was not controlled by simple factor, but by multiple factors. By the way, the dynamics of bacteria participating in denitrification process was different between the two regions, which was more active at Mt. Kyebangsan than at Mt. Namsan. Thus, the microbial assay for nitrogen mineralization is desirable to be examined as a tool for evaluating soil health or microbial activity in soil ecosystem.