• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2016

Distribution and behavior of baseline soil CO₂ were investigated in a candidate geologic CO₂ storage site in Pohang, with measuring CO₂ concentrations and carbon isotopes in the vadose zone as well as CO₂ fluxes and concentrations through ground surface. This investigation aimed to assess the baseline CO₂ levels and to build the CO₂ monitoring system before injecting CO₂. The gas in the vadose zone was collected using a peristaltic pump from the depth of 60 cm below ground surface, and stored at gas bags. Then the gas components (CO₂, O₂, N₂, CH₄) and δ¹³C_CO2 were analyzed using GC and CRDS (cavity ringdown spectroscopy) respectively in laboratory. CO₂ fluxes and CO₂ concentrations through ground surface were measured using Li-COR in field. In result, the median of the CO₂ concentrations in the vadose zone was about 3,000 ppm, and the δ¹³C_CO2 were in the wide range between −36.9‰ and −10.6‰. The results imply that the fate of CO₂ in the vadose zone was affected by soil property and vegetations. CO₂ in sandy or loamy soils originated from the respiration of microorganisms and the decomposition of C₃ plants. In gravel areas, the CO₂ concentrations decreased while the δ¹³C_CO2 increased because of the mixing with the atmospheric gas. In addition, the relation between O₂ and CO₂, N₂, and the relation between N₂/O₂ and CO₂ implied that the gases in the vadose zone dissolved in the infiltrating precipitation or the soil moisture. The median CO₂ flux through ground surface was 2.9 g/m²/d which is lower than the reported soil CO₂ fluxes in areas with temperate climates. CO₂ fluxes measured in sandy and loamy soil areas were higher (median 5.2 g/m²/d) than those in gravel areas (2.6 g/m²/d). The relationships between CO₂ fluxes and concentrations suggested that the transport of CO₂ from the vadose zone to ground surface was dominated by diffusion in the study area. In gravel areas, the mixing with atmospheric gases was significant. Based on this study result, a soil monitoring procedure has been established for a candidate geologic CO₂ storage site. Also, this study result provides ideas for innovating soil monitoring technologies.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.407-419
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• 2022

메탄(CH₄)이 유출되는 관정 주변에서 토양(비포화대) 가스 모니터링과 자료 해석 방법을 제시하고자 토양 가스의 성분변화를 약 3일간 측정하였다. 이를 위해서 포항 지역의 시험 관정 2개(TB2, TB3)의 주변 1 m 이내에서 방사상으로 토양 가스를 채취하고 현장에서 CO₂, CH₄, N₂, O₂의 농도를 분석하였다. TB2의 관정 정두(wellhead)에서 30 cm 떨어진 지점에서 CO₂ 플럭스도 측정하였다. 아울러 TB2 관정 정두의 가스 시료와 대기 시료도 채취하여 분석하였다. 모니터링 마지막 날 채취한 시료는 실험실에서 CO₂의 탄소동위원소(δ¹³C_CO2)를 분석하였다. 서로 12.7 m 떨어져 있는 두 시험 관정 중 TB3는 시멘팅이 되어 있고, TB2는 시멘팅이 되어 있지 않았다. 생지구화학 반응 기반(process-based) 해석을 적용한 결과, 비포화대 가스의 CO₂, O₂, N₂ 농도와 N₂/O₂ 의 변화는 모두 CH₄의 산화를 지시하는 선과 가스의 용해에 의한 농도의 변화를 지시하는 선 사이에 위치하고 있었다. 또한 TB2 정두에서 측정된 CH₄은 대기의 CH₄에 비해서 5.2배 높은 값을 나타나고 있었다. 시멘팅이 되어 있지 않은 관정(TB2) 주변 비포화대에서 나타난 높은 CO₂ 농도(평균 1.148%)는 CH₄의 산화에 의해 증가한 것으로 판단된다. 반면, 시멘팅이 된 관정(TB3) 주변의 비포화대 CO₂는 상대적으로 낮은 농도(0.136%)를 나타내고 있었다. 따라서 CH₄가 산출되는 관정의 주변 토양가스(CO₂ 포함)는 관정의 완결 상태(시멘팅)에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 천연가스 개발 관정 주변 토양의 환경 모니터링을 위한 전략 수립에 활용될 수 있으며, CO₂ 지중저장을 위한 주입정 및 관측정 주변 누출 감시에 활용될 수 있다. 또한 본 연구의 방법은 천연가스 저장소, 유류 오염 토양의 모니터링에 활용 가치가 있다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.41-55
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• 2015

Monitoring of $CO_2$ release through the ground surface is essential to confirm the safety of carbon storage projects. We conducted a feasibility study of the multi-channel surface-soil $CO_2$-concentration monitoring (SCM) system as a soil $CO_2$ monitoring tool with a small scale injection test. The background concentrations showed the distinct diurnal variation. The negative relation of $CO_2$ with temperature and the low $CO_2$ concentrations during the day imply that surface-soil $CO_2$ depends on photosynthesis and respiration. After 4.2 kg of $CO_2$ injection (1 m depth for 29 minutes), surface-soil $CO_2$ concentrations increased in the all five chambers, which were located less than 2.8 m of distance from each other. The $CO_2$ concentrations seem to be recovered to the background around 4 hours after the injection ended. To determine the leakage, the data from Chamber 2 and 5 with low increase rates were used for statistical analyses. Coefficient of variation for 30 minutes ($CV_{30min}$.) is efficient to determine a leakage signal, with reflecting the fast change in $CO_2$ concentrations. Consequently, SCM and $CV_{30min}$ could be applied for an efficient monitoring tool to detect $CO_2$ release through the ground surface. Also, this study provides ideas for establishing action steps after leakage detection.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

As part of monitoring technology aimed at verifying the stability of CO₂ geologic storage and mitigating concerns about leakage, a method for measuring the pH and alkalinity of high-pressure fluid samples was established to obtain practical technology. pH measurement for high-pressure samples utilized a high-pressure pH electrode, and alkalinity was measured using the Gran titration method for samples collected with a piston cylinder sampler (PCS). Experimental samples, referencing CO₂-rich water and CO₂ geologic storage studies, were prepared in the laboratory. The PCS controls the piston, preventing CO₂ degassing and maintaining fluid pressure, allowing mixing with KOH to fix dissolved CO₂. Results showed a 6.1% average error in high-pressure pH measurement. PCS use for sample collection maintained pressure, preventing CO₂ degassing. However, PCS-collected sample alkalinity measurements had larger errors than non-PCS measurements, limiting PCS practicality in monitoring field settings. Nevertheless, PCS could find utility in preprocessing for carbon isotope analysis and other applications. This research not only contributes to the field of CCS monitoring but also suggests potential applications in studies related to natural analogs of CCS, CO₂-rock interaction experiments, core flooding experiments, and beyond.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.371-382
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• 2022

Carbonates are inorganic ligands that are abundant in natural groundwater. They strongly influence radionuclide mobility by forming strong complexes, thereby increasing solubility and reducing soil absorption rates. We characterized the spectroscopic properties of Am(III)-carbonate species using UV-Vis absorption and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The deconvoluted absorption spectra of aqueous Am(CO₃)₂^- and Am(CO₃)₃^3- species were identified at red-shifted positions with lower molar absorption coefficients compared to the absorption spectrum of aqua Am³⁺. The luminescence spectrum of Am(CO₃)₃^3- was red-shifted from 688 nm for Am³⁺ to 695 nm with enhanced intensity and an extended lifetime. Colloidal Am(III)-carbonate compounds exhibited absorption at approximately 506 nm but had non-luminescent properties. Slow formation of colloidal particles was monitored based on the absorption spectral changes over the sample aging time. The experimental results showed that the solubility of Am(III) in carbonate solutions was higher than the predicted values from the thermodynamic constants in OECD-NEA reviews. These results emphasize the importance of kinetic parameters as well as thermodynamic constants to predict radionuclide migration. The identified spectroscopic properties of Am(III)-carbonate species enable monitoring time-dependent species evolution in addition to determining the thermodynamics of Am(III) in carbonate systems.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.169-169
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• 2022

Over the past 100 years, the global average temperature has risen by 0.75 ℃. The Korean Peninsula has risen by 1.8 ℃, more than twice the global average. According to the RCP 8.5 scenario, the CO₂ concentration in 2100 will be 940 ppm, about twice as high as current. The National Institute of Crop Science(NICS) is using the SPAR (Soil-Plant Atmosphere Research) facility that can precisely control the environment, such as temperature, humidity, and CO₂. A Python-based colony photosynthesis algorithm has been developed, and the carbon and nitrogen absorption rate of rice is evaluated by setting climate change conditions. In this experiment, Oryza Sativa cv. Shindongjin were planted at the SPAR facility on June 10 and cultivated according to the standard cultivation method. The temperature and CO₂ settings are high temperature and high CO₂ (current temperature+4.7℃ temperature+4.7℃·CO₂ 800ppm), high temperature single condition (current temperature+4.7℃·CO₂ 400ppm) according to the RCP8.5 scenario, Current climate is set as (current temperature·CO₂400ppm). For colony photosynthesis measurement, a LI-820 CO₂ sensor was installed in each chamber for setting the CO₂ concentration and for measuring photosynthesis, respectively. The colony photosynthetic rate in the booting stage was greatest in a high temperature and CO₂ environment, and the higher the nitrogen fertilization level, the higher the colony photosynthetic rate tends to be. The amount of photosynthesis tended to decrease under high temperature. In the high temperature and high CO₂ environment, seed yields, the number of an ear, and 1000 seed weights tended to decrease compared to the current climate. The number of an ear also decreased under the high temperature. But yield tended to increase a little bit under the high temperature and high CO₂ condition than under the high temperature. In addition, In addition to this study, it seems necessary to comprehensively consider the relationship between colony photosynthetic ability, metabolite reaction, and rice yield according to climate change.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.217-227
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• 2010

This paper was studied $CO_2$ respiration rate with physicochemical properties of soils at wetland, paddy field and forest in Nongju-ri, Haeryong-myeon, Suncheon city, Jeollanam-do. Soil temperature and $CO_2$ respiration rate were measured at the field, and soil pH, moisture and soil organic carbon were analyzed in laboratory. Field monitoring was conducted at 6 points (W3, W7, W13, W17, W23, W27) for wetland, 3 points (P1, P2, P3) for paddy field and 3 points (F1, F2, F3) for forest in 10 January 2009. $CO_2$ concentrations in chamber were measured 352~382 ppm for wetland, 364~382 ppm for paddy field and 379~390 ppm for forest, and the average values were 370 ppm, 370 ppm and 385 ppm, respectively. $CO_2$ respiration rates of soils were measured $-73{\sim}44\;mg/m^2/hr$ for wetland, $-74{\sim}24\;mg/m^2/hr$ for paddy field and $-55{\sim}106\;mg/m^2/hr$ for forest, and the average values were $-8\;mg/m^2/hr$, $-25\;mg/m^2/hr$ and $38\;mg/m^2/hr$. $CO_2$ was uptake from air to soil in wetland and paddy field, but it was emission from soil to air in forest. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in uptake condition increased exponential and linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. But, it in emission condition decreased linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in wetland decreased linear as soil moisture, but its in paddy and forest increased linear as soil moisture. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in all sites increased linear as soil pH, and increasing rate at forest was highest.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.93-104
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• 2017

CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage)는 공업용 자원이나 에너지 기반의 자원으로부터 $CO_2$를 포집하여 고갈 유 가스전, 석탄층, 바다, 심부 대염수층 등에 저장하는 기술이다. 그러나 잠재적인 $CO_2$ 누출은 환경문제를 유발할 수 있기 때문에 저심도에서 $CO_2$의 누출을 검출할 수 있는 모니터링 기술이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 인위적인 $CO_2$ 누출실험을 통해 지표면 부근에서 토양 $CO_2$가 확산되는 경향을 분석하고자 실시하였다. 시험대상지 "The Environmental Impact Evaluation Test Facility (EIT)"는 2015년에 충북 음성군 대소면에 설치되었다. 총 5개의 구역 중 2, 3, 4구역에서 약 34 kg $CO_2$/day/zone의 $CO_2$를 2015년 10월 26일부터 30일까지 주입하였다. $CO_2$ 플럭스는 LI-8100A를 이용하여 3구역의 누출구로부터 0m, 1.5m, 2.5m, 10m 지점의 지표면에서 11월 13일까지 매 30분마다 측정하였으며, $CO_2$ 농도는 GA5000을 이용하여 3개 구역의 누출구로부터 0m, 2.5m, 5.0m, 10m 지점의 15cm, 30cm, 60cm 깊이에서 11월 28일까지 1일 1회 측정하였다. $CO_2$ 플럭스는 누출시작 5일 후에 누출구로부터 0m 지점에서 확인되었으며 누출이 종료된 이후에도 11월 13일까지 계속 증가하였다. 2.5m, 5.0m, 10m 지점의 $CO_2$플럭스 간에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편, $CO_2$ 농도는 인위적인 $CO_2$ 누출이후 둘째 날에 3구역의 누출구로부터 0m 지점의 60cm 깊이에서 38.4%로 측정되었다. $CO_2$ 농도는 시간이 지날수록 수평적으로 더 넓게 확산되었으나, $CO_2$ 누출을 종료할 때까지 모든 구역에서 누출구로부터 5m 지점까지만 검출되었다. 또한, $CO_2$ 누출 마지막 날에 30cm와 60cm 깊이에서 $CO_2$ 농도는 각각 $50.6{\pm}25.4%$와 $55.3{\pm}25.6%$로 유사하게 측정되었으나, 15cm 깊이에서는 $31.3{\pm}17.2%$로 다른 지점에 비해 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. $CO_2$ 누출을 종료한 후 모든 구역의 모든 깊이에서 $CO_2$ 농도는 약 1달 동안 서서히 감소하였지만 누출 직후보다는 여전히 높았다. 결론적으로 누출구로부터 가깝고 깊이가 깊을수록 $CO_2$ 플럭스와 농도는 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 누출이 된 $CO_2$ 기체는 누출이 멈추더라도 장기간 토양 내에 잔류할 수 있기 때문에 장기 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.270-277
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• 2012

Greenhouse industry has been growing in many countries due to both the advantage of stable year-round crop production and increased demand for fresh vegetables. In greenhouse cultivation, $CO_2$ concentration plays an essential role in the photosynthesis process of crops. Continuous and accurate monitoring of $CO_2$ level in the greenhouse would improve profitability and reduce environmental impact, through optimum control of greenhouse $CO_2$ enrichment and efficient crop production, as compared with the conventional management practices without monitoring and control of $CO_2$ level. In this study, a mathematical model was developed to estimate the $CO_2$ emission from soil as affected by environmental factors in greenhouses. Among various model types evaluated, a linear regression model provided the best coefficient of determination. Selected predictor variables were solar radiation and relative humidity and exponential transformation of both. As a response variable in the model, the difference between $CO_2$ concentrations at the soil surface and 5-cm depth showed are latively strong relationship with the predictor variables. Segmented regression analysis showed that better models were obtained when the entire daily dataset was divided into segments of shorter time ranges, and best models were obtained for segmented data where more variability in solar radiation and humidity were present (i.e., after sun-rise, before sun-set) than other segments. To consider time delay in the response of $CO_2$ concentration, concept of time lag was implemented in the regression analysis. As a result, there was an improvement in the performance of the models as the coefficients of determination were 0.93 and 0.87 with segmented time frames for sun-rise and sun-set periods, respectively. Validation tests of the models to predict $CO_2$ emission from soil showed that the developed empirical model would be applicable to real-time monitoring and diagnosis of significant factors for $CO_2$ enrichment in a soil-based greenhouse.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.24-35
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• 2019

It is known that ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ (carbon-13 isotope of dissolved inorganic carbonate (DIC) ions) of water increases when dissolved $CO_2$ degases. However, ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ could decrease when the pH of water is lower than 5.5 at the early stage of degassing. Laboratory experiments were performed to observe the changes of ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ as $CO_2$ degassed from three different artificial $CO_2$-rich waters (ACWs) in which the initial pH was 4.9, 5.4, and 6.4, respectively. The pH, alkalinity and ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ were measured until 240 hours after degassing began and those data were compared with kinetic isotope fractionation calculations. Furthermore, same experiment was conducted with the natural $CO_2$-rich water (pH 4.9) from Daepyeong, Sejong City. As a result of experiments, we could observe the decrease of DIC and increase of pH as the degassing progressed. ACW with an initial pH of 6.4, ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ kept increasing but, in cases where the initial pH was lower than 5.5, ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ decreased until 6 hours. After 6 hours ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ increased within all cases because the $CO_2$ degassing caused pH increase and subsequently the ratio of $HCO_3{^-}$ in solution. In the early stage of $CO_2$ degassing, the laboratory measurements were well matched with the calculations, but after about 48 hours, the experiment results were deviated from the calculations, probably due to the equilibrium interaction with the atmosphere and precipitation of carbonates. The result of this study may be not applicable to all natural environments because the pressure and $CO_2$ concentration in headspace of reaction vessels was not maintained constant as well as the temperature. Nevertheless, this study provides fundamental knowledge on the ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ evolution during $CO_2$ degassing, and therefore it can be utilized in the studies about carbonated water with low pH and the monitoring of geologic carbon sequestration.