• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

This research to reveal the foot types of old males consisted of two parts. First, a questionnaire was given for 180 old men in their 60s and above who live in Busan. Second, based on this survey on the reality of shoes wearing, direct and indirect measurement were held for 200 old gentlemen. The findings are as follows: 1. Survey Results of Shoes Wearing Reality In the investigation into the reality of shoes possession and wearing, most of old males favored active casual shoes with comfortable materials (40.8%). Hardened skin (23.6%) was the greatest in foot deformation and side effects resulting from shoes wearing, while the big toe (20.1%) was most uncomfortable. The greatest requirement for comfortable shoes was shoes making feet comfortable with a good sense of wear (41.0%), followed by shoes with the soft sole to absorb shock (31.7%), shoes with diverse sizes according to shoes width (13.7%), and shoes made of soft materials in consideration of various foot shapes. 2. Results of Foot Measurement Experiments Busan's males in their 60s and above were 166.31cm (Height), 63.51kg (weight), 23.94cm (foot length), 9.75cm (foot width), and 24.26cm (instep girth). The big toe angle of old males was $11.22^{\circ}$ and the little toe angle $14.70^{\circ}$. Four foot types were classified: 1 (long big foot), 2 (small inside-developed foot), 3 (toe-tip-gathered foot), and 4 (thin flat foot).

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 2010

The forefoot reconstruction is a challenging field for plastic surgeons. Weight bearing tolerability and stability are important factor of choosing reconstruction methods, but cosmetic aspect has to be considered. 51 year old man visited our clinic with extensive degloving injury on right forefoot by roller. The soft tissue defect started from metatarsal area to the toe tip including nails. We harvested the anterolateral thigh flap and transferred it to the forefoot defect area with nerve coaptation. The flap was successful without skin necrosis or other complications. Secondary flap debulking surgery was performed after ten months from initial operation. Patient was satisfied with functional and cosmetic outcomes. The patient was able to wear shoes and walk with adequate sensory recovery. As there is few report about reconstruction of forefoot soft tissue defects, we report a unique case of the anterolateral thigh innervated free flap reconstruction in degloving injury.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 2023

Moderate soft-tissue defects need stable coverage, ideally with tissue of similar characteristics and low donor site morbidity. We propose a simple technique for the coverage of moderate skin defects in the limbs. It allows intraoperative transformation of a propeller perforator flap (PPF) into a keystone design perforator flap (KDPF) in cases of unsatisfying perforator vessel or in cases of unpredictable intraoperative events. Between March 2013 and July 2019, nine patients with moderate soft-tissue defects (mean defect size 4.5 × 7.6 cm) in the limbs (two on the upper limbs and seven on the lower limbs) were covered using this technique. We performed four PPFs and five KDPFs. The mean follow-up was 5 months. There was one complication, partial distal tip necrosis in a PPF located in the leg, which healed by secondary intention within 3 weeks. The donor site was closed directly in all cases. No functional impairments were noted regardless of the perforator flap utilized. This technique enables us to employ flexible surgical strategies and allows us to make adjustments based on the patient's vascular anatomy.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.150-160
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• 2022

Objective: To provide reliable prediction models based on dentoskeletal and soft tissue variables for customizing maxillary incisor positions and to optimize digitalized orthodontic treatment planning. Methods: This study included 244 Chinese women (age, 18-40 years old) with esthetic profiles after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (133 in group I: 1° ≤ The angle between the nasion [N]-A point [A] plane and the N-B point [B] plane [ANB] ≤ 4°; 111 in group II: 4° < ANB ≤ 7°). Dental, skeletal, and soft tissue measurements were performed on lateral cephalograms of the participants. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the influence of dentoskeletal and soft tissue variables on maxillary incisor position. Results: The ideal anteroposterior position of the maxillary incisor varied between sagittal skeletal patterns. The position of the maxillary incisor correlated with the sagittal discrepancy between the maxilla and the mandible (ANB), protrusion of the midface, nasal tip projection, development of the chin, and inclination of both the maxillary and mandibular incisors. Distance from the maxillary central incisor to nasion-pogonion plane predicted using multiple linear regression analysis was accurate and could be a practical measurement in orthodontic treatment planning. Conclusions: Instead of using an average value or norm, orthodontists should customize a patient's ideal maxillary incisor position using dentoskeletal and soft tissue evaluations.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.709-715
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• 2014

Background The distally based sural artery flap is a reliable, local reconstructive option for small soft tissue defects of the distal third of the leg. The purpose of this study is to describe an adipofascial flap based on a single sural nerve branch without sacrificing the entire sural nerve, thereby preserving sensibility of the lateral foot. Methods The posterior aspect of the lower limb was dissected in 15 cadaveric limbs. Four patients with soft tissue defects over the tendo-achilles and ankle underwent reconstruction using the adipofascial flap, which incorporated the distal peroneal perforator, short saphenous vein, and a single branch of the sural nerve. Results From the anatomical study, the distal peroneal perforator was situated at an average of 6.2 cm (2.5-12 cm) from the distal tip of the lateral malleolus. The medial and lateral sural nerve branches ran subfascially and pierced the muscle fascia 16 cm (14-19 cm) proximal to the lateral malleolus to enter the subcutaneous plane. They merged 1-2 cm distal to the subcutaneous entry point to form the common sural nerve at a mean distance of 14.5 cm (11.5-18 cm) proximal to the lateral malleolus. This merging point determined the pivot point of the flap. In the clinical cases, all patients reported near complete recovery of sensation over the lateral foot six months after surgery. All donor sites healed well with a full range of motion over the foot and ankle. Conclusions The distally based sural artery adipofascial flap allowed for minimal sensory loss, a good range of motion, an aesthetically acceptable outcome and can be performed by a single surgeon in under 2 hours.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.09a
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• pp.269-281
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• 2010

The cone penetration test(CPT) has been increasingly used for in situ site characterization. However, the use of CPT is often limited due to specific site conditions depending on the cone size, geometry, and capacity of the CPT system used. In South Korea, it has generally been considered that the CPT could be satisfactorily performed only in soft soils. Louisiana State University/ Louisiana Transportation Research Center has implemented a field-rugged continuous intrusion miniature cone penetration test (CIMCPT) system since the 1990s. The miniature cone penetrometer of the CIMCPT system has a cross-sectional cone area of $2cm^2$ allowing finer soil profiles compared to the standard $10cm^2$. The reduced cross-sectional area also enables a system capacity reduction leading to cost saving and ease in maintenance. In addition, the continuous intrusion mechanism allows fast and economic site investigations. Samsung C&T Corporation has recently implemented a similar CIMCPT system. In this study, case studies on the field application of Samsung CIMCPT system for the last 2 years are presented to illustrate its performance investigation and its usefulness and limitation. Results of the case studies show that the CIMCPT system can be applied to soils with cone tip resistance($q_c$) values up to about 30MPa and allows a reliable and useful way to characterize soft soils. The results also show that the rod buckling limits the investigation depth by the system and the large contact pressure of the CIMCPT truck prevents the use of the system at sites with soft surface soils. According to the results of the case studies, the Samsung CIMCPT system has been being upgraded with a miniature cone with a longer rod, a crawler-type transportation system, a pre-boring system, and so on.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find the cephalometric variables which are significantly correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in suspected Korean obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. Methods We examined lateral cephalogram and attended-full night laboratory polysomnography of the 40 participants who complained of OSA symptoms. The correlation analysis was conducted to find the cephalometric variables which are significantly correlated with the AHI. Results The correlation analysis showed that the higher AHI was associated with the longer distance between hyoid and mandibular plane (p = 0.023), the longer distance between C3 and hyoid (p = 0.014), the longer tongue length (p = 0.003), the larger inferior tongue area (p = 0.008), the larger anterior displacement of the hyoid bone (p = 0.024), the longer distance between posterior nasal spine and the tip of the soft palate (p = 0.021), and the larger cross-sectional area of soft palate (p = 0.001) of cephalogram in erect position. The higher AHI was correlated with the longer distance between hyoid and mandibular plane (p = 0.008), the longer tongue length (p = 0.037), the larger inferior tongue area (p = 0.013), the thicker uvula (p = 0.004), the longer distance between retrognathion and hyoid (p = 0.025), and larger cross-sectional area of soft palate (p = 0.001) of cephalogram in supine position. Conclusions The present preliminary results showed the candidate measurements of cephalogram which are significantly correlated with the AHI in suspected OSA.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2004

Flaps are necessary, when important structures such as bone, tendon, nerve and vessel are exposed. Arterialized venous free flap is suited to the coverage of finger and hand because the thickness of venous flap is thin. Authors performed 65 cases arterialized venous free flap for the soft tissue reconstruction of the hand and finger. The size of donor defect were from $1{\times}1cm\;to\;7{\times}12cm$. The mean flap area was $9.1cm^2$. The recipient sites were finger tip in 34 cases, finger shaft in 29 cases and hand in 2 cases. The donor sites were volar aspect of distal forearm in 40 cases, thenar area in 17 cases and foot dorsum in 6 cases. The types of arterialized venous free flap were A-A type in 4 cases and A-V type in 61 cases. The length of afferent vein was from 0.5 cm to 3 cm (mean 1.7 cm) and efferent vein was from 1 cm to 10 cm (mean 2.2 cm). 58 flaps(89.2%) survived eventually. 42 flaps(64.6%) survived totally without any complication. 8 flaps(12.3%) showed the partial necrosis but they were healed without any additional operations. 8 flaps (12.3%) showed the partial necrosis requiring the additional skin graft. We had a satisfactory result by using arterialized venous free flap for the soft tissue reconstruction of finger and hand. We believe that volar aspect of distal forearm, thenar area, foot dorsum are suited as a donor site and the short length of the flap pedicle, the strong arterail inflow affect the survival rate of arterialized venous free flaps.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.5 s.82
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• pp.657-668
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount and interrelationship of the soft tissue of nose and maxillary changes and to identify the nasal morphologic features that indicate susceptibility to nasal deflection in such a manner that they would be useful in presurgical prediction of nasal changes after maxillary advancement surgery in skeletal Class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 25 adult patients (13 males and 12 females) who had severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy. The patients had received presurgical orthodontic treatment. They underwent a Le Fort I advancement osteotomy, rigid internal fixation, alar cinch suture and V-Y advancement lip closure. The presurgical and postsurgical lateral cephalograms and lateral and frontal facial photographs were evaluated. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out. Soft tissue of nose change to h point change ratios were calculated by regression equations. The results were as follows 1. The correlation of maxillary hard tissue horizontal changes and nasal soft tissue vortical changes were high and the ${\beta}_0$ for soft tissue to ADV were 0.228 at ANt, 0.257 at SNt. 2. The correlation of maxillary hard tissue and nasal soft tissue horizontal changes were high and the ${\beta}_0$ for soft tissue to ADV were 0.484 at ANt, 0.431 at SNt, 0.806 at Sn. 3. The correlation of maxillary hard tissue horizontal changes and width changes of ala of nose were high and the ${\beta}_0$ lot alar base width ratio to ADV were 0.002. 4. The DRI, Prominence of nose, Pre-Op CA is not a quantitative measure that can be used clinically to improve the predictability of vertical and horizontal nasal tip deflection. In this study, increases in nasal tip projection and anterosuperior rotation occur when there is an anterior vector of maxillary movement. These nasal changes were Quantitatively correlated to magnitude of maxillary(A point) movement.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

Purpose: First introduced by Buncke and Rose in 1979, the neurovascular partial $2^{nd}$ toe pulp free tissue transfer has been attempted to reconstruct posttraumatic finger tip injuries. Although some surgeons prefer other reconstructive methods such as skin graft and local flap, we chose the partial $2^{nd}$ toe pulp flap owing to its many advantages. We report three successful surgical cases in which the patients had undergone this particular method of reconstruction. Methods: We retrospectively examined three cases of fingertip injury patients due to mechanical injury. Bone exposure was seen in all three cases, All had undergone partial toe pulp free flap for soft tissue defect coverage. Results: All flaps survived without any complications such as partial necrosis, hematoma or dehiscence. Although tingling sensation has returned in both cases, two-point discrimination has not returned yet. Currently no patient is complaining of any pain which gradually improved during their course of recuperation. All stitches were removed on postoperative 2 weeks. Patients are satisfied with the final surgical result and there are no signs of any edema or hematoma. Conclusion: The homodigital reconstruction of finger tip injury using the partial $2^{nd}$ toe pulp flap has numerous advantages compared to other reconstructive modalities such as its resistance to wear and tear and in that it provides a non-slip palmar digital surface. However it requires microsurgery which may not be preferred by surgeons. Advanced age of the patient can be a relative contraindication to this approach since atheromatous plaque from the donor toe can compromise flap circulation after surgery. We report three successful cases which patient age was considered appropriate. Further investigation with a larger number of cases and long term follow-up is deemed necessary.