• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.35-59
• /
• 2018

미국의 2015년 "상업적 우주발사 경쟁력 법"(CSLCA)나 2017년 룩셈부르크의 우주자원의 탐사 및 활용에 관한 법에서 명시된 바와 같이 자국민은 물론 타국이 운영하는 기업에게도 우주자원의 상업적 탐사와 이용할 수 있도록 허용하는 조항은 우주조약(OST) 제2조 및 달협정(MA) 제11조 2항의 우주 및 천체의 비전유원칙에 위반되는 조항인가 하는 점이 중요한 문제이다. CSLCA는 이 법에 의해 특정 천체에 대한 주권이나 점유권, 사법권을 주장하거나 소유를 주장할 수 없다고 분명하게 명시하고 있다. OST 제2조의 비전유원칙에 의하여 달과 다른 천체들이 무주지(res nullius)에서 국제공역(res extra commmercium)으로 전환되는 법적 지위를 가짐으로써 우주와 천체는 마치 공해와 같이 각 국가가 이곳을 전유할 수는 없으나, 이곳의 자원을 자유롭게 이용할 수 있게 되었다. 그러면 OST 제2조의 비전유원칙은 비당사국도 구속하는 조항인가 하는 점인데 다수의 학자들은 동 원칙은 국제조약상 규범은 물론 모든 국가들을 구속하는 국제관습법으로 심지어는 강행규범(jus cogens)으로 발전된 조항이라고 보고 있는데 필자도 이에 동의하는 바이다. 우주 및 천체의 지위가 마치 해양법상 공해에 적용되는 res extra commmercium이기 때문에 어느 국가나 사기업 또는 개인이 우주 및 천체의 비전유원칙을 존중하는 한 그곳의 사용 및 수익행위를 할 수 있다면 우주 및 천체에 접근하지 못하는 국가나 개인 또는 사기업체들은 후발주자로서 손해를 크게 보게 될 것이고 이렇게 방치될 경우 우주개발국의 무제한의 우주자원채취는 우주자원이 고갈되는 상태를 불러일으킬 것이 분명하다. 이를 극복하기 위하여 인류공동유산(CHM)개념이 도입된 MA가 등장한 것인데, 심지어 MA 제정에 참가한 국가들마저 동 협정의 조약당사국이 되기를 꺼려하고 있는 것이 현실이다. 우주와 천체가 마치 공해와 같이 각 국가가 이곳을 전유할 수는 없으나, 이곳의 자원을 자유롭게 이용할 수 있게 되는 곳이라면 만일 미국의 어느 기업체가 미국의 승인을 얻어 달의 일부 중 가장 좋은 지점을 확보하고 자원을 수집할 때, 타국 기업체도 이에 접근할 수 있는가? 그리고 일정지역이란 달에서 어느 정도 크기의 영역인가? 그리고 얼마동안 수집할 것인가? 현재 국제우주법체계에서는 '선착순의 원리'(first come, first served)에 따라 이를 허용하는 수밖에 없을 것이다. 따라서 이제 국제공동체는 국가들의 우주활동 중 예견되는 분쟁해결을 위한 국제회의를 조만간 개최하여야 하며, 조약으로 해결할 수 없는 우주법 문제들을 선언 및 결의와 같은 연성법(soft law)을 통해서라도 조속히 이 문제를 해결해야 할 것이다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.45-54
• /
• 2009

흙의 전기적 특성은 지반 상태를 평가하는 방법으로 사용되어 왔다. 본 논문의 목적은 현장 지반의 간극률을 우수한 정밀도로 평가하기 위한 현장 관입용 전기비저항 콘 프로브의 개발 및 적용성 평가이다. 전기비저항 콘 프로브는 관입에 따른 교란을 최소화시키기 위해 콘 모양으로 제작되었다. 또한 전기적 간섭을 최소화시키기 위해 외부전극과 중심전극이 4단자 쌍 회로 방식으로 구성되어 있다. 개발된 장비의 현장 적용성 정가를 위하여 인천과 부산에서 현장실험을 수행하였으며, 콘관입장비를 이용하여 0.33mm/sec의 속도로 관입하면서 선단부에서 전기비저항 값을 측정하였다. 측정된 전기비저항 값과 비교란 시료로부터 얻은 간극수의 전기비저항 값을 Archie에 의해 제안된 경험식에 적용하여 대상지반의 간극률을 계산하였다. Archie 경험식의 실험상수는 비교란시료로부터 추출한 간극수에 근거하여 결정하였다. 산정된 간극률의 프로파일을 동일 지역에서 수행된 SPT, CPT, 그리고 DMT의 지반조사 결과와 비교한 결과 경향성이 상당히 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문에서 제안된 ERCP는 대상 지반의 교란을 최소화시키며 현장의 국부적인 간극률 산정에 효과적인 장비일 것으로 나타났다.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.299-305
• /
• 2004

We find evidence of a hard X-ray excess above the thermal emission in two cool clusters (Abell 1750 and IC 1262) and a soft excess in two hot clusters (Abell 754 and Abell 2163). Our modeling shows that the excess components in Abell 1750, IC 1262, and Abell 2163 are best fit by a steep power law indicative of a significant non-thermal component. In the case of Abell 754, the excess emission is thermal, 1 ke V emission. We analyze the dynamical state of each cluster and find evidence of an ongoing or recent merger in all four clusters. In the case of Abell 2163, the detected, steep spectrum, non-thermal X-ray emission is shown to be associated with the weak merger shock seen in the temperature map. However, this shock is not able to produce the flatter spectrum radio halo which we attribute to post-shock turbulence. In Abell 1750 and IC 1262, the shocked gas appears to be spatially correlated with non-thermal emission suggesting cosmic-ray acceleration at the shock front.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.273-283
• /
• 2018

Nonlinear low velocity impact response of sandwich beam with laminated composite face sheets and soft core is studied based on Extended High Order Sandwich Panel Theory (EHSAPT). The face sheets follow the Third order shear deformation beam theory (TSDT) that has hitherto not reported in conventional EHSAPT. Besides, the two dimensional elasticity is used for the core. The nonlinear Von Karman type relations for strains of face sheets and the core are adopted. Contact force between the impactor and the beam is obtained using the modified Hertz law. The field equations are derived via the Ritz based applied to the total energy of the system. The solution is obtained in the time domain by implementing the well-known Runge-Kutta method. The effects of boundary conditions, core-to-face sheet thickness ratio, initial velocity of the impactor, the impactor mass and position of the impactor are studied in detail. It is found that each of these parameters have significant effect on the impact characteristics which should be considered. Finally, some low velocity impact tests have been carried out by Drop Hammer Testing Machine. The contact force histories predicted by EHSAPT are in good agreement with that obtained by experimental results.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제75권5호
• /
• pp.633-642
• /
• 2020

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are known as intelligent methods for modeling the behavior of physical phenomena because of it is a soft computing technique and takes data samples rather than entire data sets to arrive at solutions, which saves both time and money. ANN is successfully used in the civil engineering applications which are suitable examining the complicated relations between variables. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advanced composites that successfully used in various engineering design. The FGMs are nonhomogeneous materials and made of two different type of materials. In the present study, the bending analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) beams presents on theoretical based on combination of mixed-finite element method, Gâteaux differential and Timoshenko beam theory. The main idea in this study is to build a model using ANN with four parameters that are: Young's modulus ratio (E_t/E_b), a shear correction factor (k_s), power-law exponent (n) and length to thickness ratio (L/h). The output data is the maximum displacement (w). In the experiments: 252 different data are used. The proposed ANN model is evaluated by the correlation of the coefficient (R), MAE and MSE statistical methods. The ANN model is very good and the maximum displacement can be predicted in ANN without attempting any experiments.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 춘계 학술발표회
• /
• pp.640-648
• /
• 2009

Recently the truction of coastal reclaimation work has been extensively implemented in Korea. The Sondo New City is being established on the reclaimed land from the sea, construction companies of metro construction are planing to pull-out the sheet pile for saving the construction cost. In the case of soft marine clay, it is very difficult to pull-out the sheet pile by using the hydraulic hammer difficult. Therefore, the man of the field must be aware of vibration effect to the ground and the structure. For understanding the vibration effect to the ground during subway construction, the model was formulated with 1/25 braced-cut for subway construction. Scott and Iai(1989) proposed the law of the similarity for other experimental conditions. The laboratory model test was conducted under the vibration condition of sheet pile pulling out. The settlement on the ground surface was measured during the shaking table test. The pore water pressure was also monitored in the upper, middle, and lower layers of soil. The field settlement level and the pore water pressure can be predicted by using the results of the laboratory shaking table test.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국식품저장유통학회 2003년도 제23차 추계총회 및 국제학술심포지움
• /
• pp.26-32
• /
• 2003

Rice is one of the most important cereals in the world. Japanese people use about 9 million tons of rice per you. We use rice for cooked rice as staple foods and for processing, such as rice wine (sake), rice crackers and miso fermentation, etc. Palatability, eating quality, of rice is evaluated by the sensory test and various kinds of physicochemical measurements. Japanese National Food Agency started the storage of 1.5 million tones of rice in 1996. We carried out the storage test using high quality rices since 1995 until 1996. As indices for the quality deteriorations of rice grains during the storage, germination ratio, enzyme activities, fat acidity, physical properties of cooked rice were clarified to be useful. We applied colorimetric method for the measurements of fat acidities in the place of titration method. Processing suitabilities of rice differ depending on the products. Low amylose rice is more suitable for soft rice crackers and high amylose rice is preferred more for rice noodle. Pre-cooked rice products, such as frozen cooked rice, retort-pouched rice and aseptic rice, are increasing recently in Japan. In addition to above-mentioned physico-chemical tests, NIR spectroscopy,“Midometer”and“Taste sensor”are novel and useful to evaluate eating quality and processing suitabolities. Recently, rice wholesalers and retailers have been obligated to display the name of cultivar, location of cultivation and the year of production of rice grains which they sell by the Japanese Agricultural Standard Law (JAS). In order to detect the dishonest labeling of rice cultivars, we developed new cultivar identification method based on DNA polymorphism.

• Advanced Composite Materials
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.151-166
• /
• 2007

High-cycle fatigue characteristics of quasi-isotropic carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates [-45/0/45/90]s up to $10^8$ cycles were investigated. To assess the fatigue behavior in the high-cycle region, fatigue tests were conducted at a frequency of 100 Hz, since it is difficult to investigate the fatigue characteristics in high-cycle at 5 Hz. Then, the damage behavior of the specimen was observed with a microscope, soft X-ray photography and a 3D ultrasonic inspection system. In this study, to evaluate quantitative characteristics of both transverse crack propagation and delamination growth in the high-cycle region, the energy release rate associated with damage growth in the width direction was calculated. Transverse crack propagation and delamination growth in the width direction were evaluated based on a modified Paris law approach. The results revealed that transverse crack propagation delayed under the test conditions of less than ${\sigma}_{max}/{\sigma}_b$ = 0.3 of the applied stress level.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.44-57
• /
• 2019

Most banks in Korea have provided Internet banking services based on PKI(Public Key Infrastructure) certificates since the early 2000s when Internet banking began in Korea. To support PKI Internet banking, the Korean government backed the electronic signature law and supported the rapid spread of PKI-based Internet banking by regulating the application of PKI certificates to be compulsory in Internet banking until 2015. PKI Internet Banking in Korea has been developed as a pioneer in this field through many challenges and responses until its present success. Korea's PKI banking, which started with soft-token-based closed banking, has responded to various types of cyber attack attempts and promoted the transition to open banking by accepting various criticisms due to lack of compatibility with international standards. In order to improve the convenience and security of PKI Internet banking, various attempts have been made, such as biometric-integrated smartphone-based PKI authentication. In this paper, we primarily aim to share the experience and lessons of PKI banking by analyzing the evolution process of PKI Internet banking in Korea. It also has the purpose of presenting the challenges of Korea's PKI Internet banking and sharing its development vision.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.297-312
• /
• 2022

Coughing and breath shortness are common symptoms of nano (small) cell lung cancer. Smoking is main factor in causing such cancers. The cancer cells form on the soft tissues of lung. Deformation behavior and wave vibration of lung affected when cancer cells exist. Therefore, in the current work, phase velocity behavior of the small cell lung cancer as a main part of the body via an exact size-dependent theory is presented. Regarding this problem, displacement fields of small cell lung cancer are obtained using first-order shear deformation theory with five parameters. Besides, the size-dependent small cell lung cancer is modeled via nonlocal stress/strain gradient theory (NSGT). An analytical method is applied for solving the governing equations of the small cell lung cancer structure. The novelty of the current study is the consideration of the five-parameter of displacement for curved panel, and porosity as well as NSGT are employed and solved using the analytical method. For more verification, the outcomes of this reports are compared with the predictions of deep neural network (DNN) with adaptive optimization method. A thorough parametric investigation is conducted on the effect of NSGT parameters, porosity and geometry on the phase velocity behavior of the small cell lung cancer structure.