• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.241-242
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• 2008

The Velocity Autocorrelation Function (VAF) of the sodium ions is calculated for a range of temperature from 250K to 1000K and converted into the linear ac-conductivity and ac-susceptibility response via Fourier transformation. A peak is found in the conductivity around $6\times10^{12}$ Hz that has some of the character of a Poley absorption. Here it is shown to be due to an harmonically coupled site vibrations of the sodium atoms, which extend only over a limited range. At frequencies below the peak the conductivity tends towards a constant i.e. dc value corresponding to a constant flow of ions through the simulation cell. At high temperatures the conductivity due to this ion transport process behaves like a metal with an insulator to metal transition occurring around a specific temperature.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.919-928
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• 2005

This study introduces the development of new supercritical water oxidation(SCW)(multiple step oxidation) to destruct recalcitrant organic substances totally and safely by using sodium nitrate as an oxidant. This method has solved the problems of conventional SCW, such as precipitation of salt due to lowered permittivity, pressure increase following rapid rise of reaction temperature, and corrosion of reactor due to the generation of strong acid. Destruction condition and rate in the supercritical water were examined using Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC) and ion exchange resins as organic substances. The experiment was carried out at $450^{\circ}C$ for 30min, which is relatively lower than the temperature for supercritical water oxidation $(600-650^{\circ}C)$. The decomposition rates of various incombustible organic substances were very high [PVC$(87.5\%)$, Anion exchange resin$(98.6\%)$, Cationexchange resin$(98.0\%)$]. It was observed that hetero atoms existed in organic compounds and chlorine was neutralized by sodium (salt formation). However, relatively large amount of sodium nitrate (4 equivalent) was required to raise the decomposition ratio. For complete oxidation of PCB was intended, the amount of oxidizer was an important parameter.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.511-517
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• 1995

A cationic water soluble porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetrakis (l-methyl-pyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin, $H_2tmpyp^{4+}$) and its metalloporphyrins (MP) were easily extracted into acetonitrile separated by addition of sodium chloride ($4mol\;dm^{-3}$) in the presence of sodium perchlorate, where M denotes $Zn^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Co^{3+}$, $Fe^{3+}$, and $Mn^{3+}$ and $P^{2-}$ is porphyrinate ion. The extracted ion-pair complexes were completely dissociated to $[MP(ClO_4)_3]^+$, and $[MP(ClO_4)_2]^{2+}$. The extraction and the dissociation constants were determined by taking into account of the partition constant of sodium perchlorate ($K_D=1.82{\pm}0.01$). The chemical properties of the separated acetonitrile phase as $E_{T(30)}$ and $D_{II,I}$ were determined and compared with other water miscible solvents (acetone, actonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 1-propanol and 2-propanol). Furthermore, a sensitive and selective method was proposed for the determination of a subnanogram amount of copper(II) in natural water samples by using the present salting-out method and the porphyrins.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.7 no.2_3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2013

In this study, the simple preparation of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)-patterned substrate via a selective ion irradiation was investigated to manipulate cell adhesion. PSS thin films spin-coated onto the hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) was patterned through masked 150 keV proton irradiation followed by developing with deionized water. The characteristics of the resulting PSS-patterned surfaces were investigated by using microscope, surface profiler, FT-IR, XPS, and contact angle analyzer. These analytical results revealed that the resolved $100{\mu}m$ PSS patterns were formed on the hydrophobic PS surface above the fluence of $1{\times}10^{15}ions\;cm^{-2}$ and the chemical structure, composition, and wettability of the PSS patterns were dependant on a fluence. Moreover, the results of the in-vitro cell culture and proliferation assay exhibited that H1299 cells preferentially adhered and proliferated onto the more hydrophilic PSS part of the PSS-patterned PS and the well-aligned cell patterns was formed on the PSS-patterned PS particularly at the fluence of $1{\times}10^{15}ions\;cm^{-2}$.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.22-35
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• 2019

Development of low cost rechargeable batteries has been considered as a significant task for future large-scale energy storage units (i.e. electric vehicles, smart grids). Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been recognized as a promising alternative to replace conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their abundancy and economic benign. Nevertheless, Na ions have larger ionic radius than that of Li ions, resulting in sluggish transport of Na ions in electrodes for cell operation. There have been efforts to seek suitable anode materials for the past years operated based on three different kinds of reaction mechanism (intercalation, alloy reaction, and conversion reaction). In this review, we introduce a class of conversion reaction anode materials for Na-ion batteries, which have been reported.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.859-866
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop a supplemental healthy food that can help prevent high blood pressure-related diseases caused due to the excessive consumption of sodium in salt. This was achieved by using ion-displacement techniques to produce mineral salt with lower sodium content by using fermented brown rice by-products rich in minerals. Mineral salt containing 2019.2 mg/100 g of potassium, 678.5 mg/100 g of magnesium, 48.7 mg/100 g of calcium, and 19.5 mg/100 g of sodium was obtained by fermenting brown rice by-products to create a culture medium for the mineral salt. Mineral salt containing 1769.7 mg/100 g of potassium, 573.6 mg/100 g of magnesium, 35.3 mg/100 g of calcium, and 19.5 mg/100 g of sodium was obtained by filtering and refining the by-product extract of fermented brown rice. The results showed that when the stream velocity of the instrument used for electrolysis was 200 mL/min and the current and the concentration of the reactive liquid in the purified water chamber were higher, the effect of electrolysis was greater. Ion hot water extraction of the fermented brown rice by-products improved by up to 95% and was collected as purified water within 90 min of the reaction time. Chloride ions with pH 7.4 were produced by mixing sodium hydroxide in a purified saline water chamber with electro-analyzed water. The salt produced in this study contained low sodium, 5.7~30%, as compared to 40% sodium content of the normal salt.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 1999

2,4-Dinitrophenol(DNP) is a metabolic uncoupler that prevents cells from creating energy for growth and it has been suggested that the availability of sodium ions may be important in mitigating the effects of uncouplers. Accordingly, the degradation of DNP was investigated using activated sludge which had been adapted to mineralize DNP. After the acclimation of the activated sludge, the effect of sodium ions on the toxicity of high concentrations(80 to 100mg/L) of DNP was investigated over a sodium ion concentration range of 9.3$\times$10-5 to 94mM. The concentration of sodium ions in the activated sludge mixed liquor seemed to have little effect on the DNP toxicity. However, a lack of sodium in the grwoth media resulted in a reduction of the DNP degradation rate by a bacterial isolate from the activated sludge culture identified as Nocardia asteroides.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.267-271
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• 2005

This experiment was carried out at 450"C, which is relatively lower than the temperature for supercritical water oxidation (600-650$^{\circ}C$). In this experiment, the decomposition rates of various incombustible organic substances were very high. In addition, it was confirmed that hetero atoms existed in organic compounds and chlorine was neutralized by sodium(salt formation).However, to raise the decomposition rate, relatively large amount of sodium nitrate(3-4 times the equivalent weight) was required. When complete oxidation is intended as in the case with PCB, the amount of oxidizer and decomposition cost is important. But when vaporization reduction is required as in the case with nuclear wastes, the amount of radioactive wastes increases instead. But as can be seen in the result of XRD measurement, unreacted sodium nitrate remained unchanged. If oxidation reaction of organic substance simply depends on collision frequency, unreacted sodium nitrate can be recovered and reused, then oxidation equivalent weight would be sufficient. In the gas generated, toxic gas was not found. As the supercritical water medium has high reactivity, it is difficult to generate relatively low energy level SO$_{X}$, and NO$_{X}$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.262-267
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• 1983

A study has been carried out for a scheme of the selective extraction and determination of cesium, sodium and nuclides by the ion association with dicyclohexyl-24-crown-8 and sodium tetraphenylborate from primary coolant of a pressurized water reactor. For that purpose, the effects of hydrogen, cesium and borate ions on the extraction have been investigated. Interferences of iodine and xenon nuclides were found but could be removed by reducing with sodium thiosulfate and back extraction with 1 N hydrochloric acid solution, respectively.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.68-72
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• 1986

Effect of sodium taurodeoxycholate (TDC) on the pharmacokinetics of methylene blue (MB) was investigated in the rats of experimental hepatic failure induced by $CCI_4$. Intravenous infusion of TDC increased the distribution volume of central compartment ($Vd_1$) and the total body clearance ($CL_t$) of MB. Increased lipophilicity through ion-pair formation with TDC seemed to be the probable cause of increased $Vd_1$ and $CL_t$.