• 대한가정학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 1980

This study was designed to find out the mineral content in Korean foods. The data will be used as a fundamental guide in planning sodium and potassium restricted diet in Korea. The study is part 6 sodium and potassium content in meat, eggs and fish. The previous study is s follows: part1 and part 5 on vegetables and fruit, part 2 on cereals, part 3, on milk and soft drinks and part 4 on orange juice and nectars. part 6 includes 10 beef cuts, 5 retail items of pork, 4 parts of chicken, 2 kinds of eggs and 15 individual kinds of fish were collected from the market and analyzed for the content of sodium and potassium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The following tables 1-5 show the result.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2020

This study examined the nutrient content of HMR products and recipes by television chefs. Twelve menu items from the soup, stew, and broth category were chosen from HMR products and TV chef's recipes. The data on the nutrition labeling from the HMR products and TV chef's recipes were calculated using Can-Pro 5.0. The results of the analysis were the differences between the HMR products and TV recipes per serving size. The energy content of TV recipes 236.1 kcal was significantly higher than the HMR products. On the other hand, HMR products contained significantly higher sodium (926.9 mg) levels than the TV recipes (565.8 mg). In general, HMR products contained more sodium and less energy and protein than TV recipes. The highest sodium content containing products among the 12 menu items was the Spicy soft tofu stew (1,421.4 mg) from HMR products. The results revealed the significant differences in the macronutrient and sodium content between HMR products and the TV chef's recipe. This study provides supportive data for the need to reduce the sodium content in HMR products. TV cooking programs should focus on the importance of balanced nutrition, how to reduce sodium intake, and how to achieve this without disrupting well-balanced nutrition.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2013

This study used survey data to identify the use of salimeters and the prevalence of sodium reduction education in the Gyeonggi region. A survey with 211 dietitians working in school foodservice (106 in elementary schools, 69 in middle schools, and 36 in high schools) was conducted from August 6 to August 17, 2012. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Though 86.6% of school kitchens had salimeters, the rate for checking the sodium content of soup or stew was just 62.7% and the rate for checking the sodium content of kimchi and solid food was very low. Since salimeters are mostly used to measure sodium in liquid foods, it is urgent to provide an education and manual on using salimeters and to promote salimetry for kimchi and side dishes. It is also important to provide students with nutritional information by clearly posting the sodium content of food on menus and compelling students to notice them. Sodium reduction education for cooks was conducted in the 70.3% of the kitchens; however, the dietitians perceived that the cooks did not understand the importance of the education. Also, sodium reduction education for students was mostly provided through indirect methods, rather than face-to-face education, resulting in poor educational data (only 36.4% comprehending). By providing detailed guidelines for sodium reduction and labelling accurate content of sodium of the menus, we will be able to enforce practices for sodium reduction in school lunches.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.537-542
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• 2022

This study was conducted to provide basic data on the amount of sodium and the setting of permissible error range of actual measurement, which is a problem for cabbage kimchi nutrients subject to labeling. The sample targeted was baechu (Kimchi cabbage) kimchi, which might have a large variation in sodium content by part of kimchi. Kimchi samples were collected twice from eight companies by season (spring, summer, fall, and winter). The average sodium content in kimchi samples was 619±87 mg/100 g (range, 534±63 mg/100 g to 783±40 mg/100 g). The error in average annual sodium content of abandonment kimchi (maximum value difference compared to the minimum value) was 26.8 to 64.3%. Sodium contents in kimchi produced in spring and summer were relatively low. However, deviation between individuals was large. It was found that cases exceeding the permissible error (120%) standard varied depending on the criteria for setting the amount of sodium. In addition, due to seasonal differences, sodium content in kimchi exceeded 120% of the labeling value. Thus, it is necessary to set standards suitable for characteristics of kimchi to prevent unintentional violations of labeling standards by raw materials and manufacturing processes.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1996년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.24-29
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to propose new estimation method of unit cement content in hardened concrete. In general, the quantity of cement in hardened concrete is tested by hydrochlonic acid dissolving cement paste, however, hydrochloric acid dissolves sea shell contained in sea sand and lime stone in concrete. Therefore, the tested cement content is apt to estimate greater than actual cement content. The sodium gluconate solution dissolves only cement in concrete, it is hard to dissolve sea shell and lime stone as CaCo3. The effects of the quantity, concentration and temperature of sodium gluconate solution, the ignition temperature, the ignition loss of cement on the cement content and the percentage of dissolution of cement were investigated to establish a test method. From the results of these tests, the fundamental test method for cement content of hardened concrete by sodium gluconate is proposed.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

In preparing sodium alginates from sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) powder using the Mexican process, alkaline extraction, conversion to alginic acid and reversion to sodium alginates were used to increase purity. The effect of hot water treatment and dialysis on measuring the average molecular weight of sodium alginates were investigated. Intrinsic viscosity and average molecular weight of sodium alginates after dialysis were higher than those before dialysis. Average molecular weight of sodium alginates treated with hot water was higher than that without. Hot treatment has little effect on the ash content of sodium alginates. Ash content of sodium alginates before dialysis were $27-30\%$ those after dialysis were $10\%.$ After dialysis, Na content was highest $(89-91\%),$ K was $11-12\%,$ Ca was $1.9\%,$ and Mg was $0.05\%.$ Ash content of alginates had little effect on average molecular weight. SAV (slope of apparent viscosity) of alginates solution after dialysis showed higher values than before. SAV of the alginates with hot water treatment were higher than without treatment.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.537-548
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: South Korea has been conducting the Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project since 2015 to reduce sodium contents in restaurant menus. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the sodium content of menus as determined by the Daegu Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project between 2015 and 2019. MATERIALS/METHODS: Intervention was aimed at reducing the sodium contents of over 10% of menu items in participating restaurants. On-site inspections and evaluations were conducted using a checklist, and reductions in sodium contents were determined by analyzing the salinities and sodium contents of menus after intervention. RESULTS: Post-intervention salinities and sodium contents were significantly lower than baseline values in 2016 (P < 0.001), 2017 (P < 0.001), 2018 (P < 0.001), and 2019 (P < 0.001). However, sodium contents and salinities differences before and after intervention were not significant in 2015. Sodium contents of more than 20% of menu items offered by restaurants that participated in the Sodium Reduction Restaurant Project for 2 yrs starting in 2016 declined by 28.9%. On the other hand, the sodium reduction rate achieved by restaurants that participated for 4 yrs from 2015 reached 55.4%. The percentage of restaurants that participated in the project increased annually, though some failed to be designated as Sodium Reduction Restaurants because they did not meet sodium reduction rate requirements. CONCLUSIONS: Positive correlations were found between duration of participation in the project and sodium reduction and designation rates. Sustainable long-term support at the national level is required to expand the project to other regions.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.328-333
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• 2009

The average sodium intake of Koreans was reported to be 5,279.9 mg/day, which is one of the highest intake levels worldwide. The average Koreans intake 19.6% of sodium from kimchi, showing kimchi as the main contributor of sodium in this country (Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2005). The sodium content of dishes that are frequently chosen by workers, and which were served by foodservice cafeterias were chemically analyzed. The average sodium content of one meal provided by 10 foodservice cafeterias was 2,777.7 mg. Twenty-one, one-dish-meals, frequently chosen by workers for a lunch menu, were collected at 4 different restaurants for each menu by one male, aged in the twenties and analyzed chemically also. Workers who eat lunch at a workplace cafeteria everyday could intake about 8 g of salt at a one-time meal and those who eat out for a one-dish-meal would intake 3-8 g of salt without counting sodium content from the side dishes. From these study results, one could estimate that over 10 g of salt could be possible for a single meal for workers who eat out everyday. A nationwide nutrition campaign and education for low salt diets for restaurant owners and foodservice providers should be seriously considered.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2008

고랭지에서 재배되는 주요 양채류의 기능성 향상을 위한 적정 셀레늄처리 방법을 구명하고자, sodium selenate처리 농도, 처리시기 및 처리 횟수에 따른 작물생육과 작물체내 무기성분, ascorbic acid, nitrate 및 셀레늄 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. Sodium selenate 1, 2, 5 및 $20mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$처리구에서 공시작물 모두 초기생육은 큰 차이가 없었으나, 처리 60일 후부터 $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 이상의 고농도에서는 생육이 크게 억제되어, 무처리구에 비해 $5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$처리구에서도 결구상추는 33%, 브로콜리는 47%, 파슬리는 74% 생체중이 감소한대 비해 비트와 셀러리는 고농도에서도 생육억제 현상이 크지 않아 $20mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$농도에서 생체중이 20%와 15% 감소하였다. sodium selenate 처리에 따른 작물체내 ascorbic acid 함량은 결구상추의 경우 셀레늄처리 농도가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보여 $20mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$처리구는 무처리구에 비해 약 1.2배 높았고, 셀러리와 비트도 같은 농도에서 약 10% 정도 함량 증가를 보였으나, 브로콜리와 파슬리는 셀레늄처리에 따른 통계적 유의차는 없었다. 식물체내 nitrate함량은 무처리구에 비해 모든 작물에서 감소하였으며, 처리농도가 증가할수록 감소의 폭은 큰 경향을 나타내었다. 작물별 질산염의 함량 저하는 결구상추에서 가장 현저하였으며, 그 다음이 비트, 셀러리 순이었다. 무기성분 K, Ca, Mg의 함량은 공시작물 모두 처리농도가 높아질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 성분별로는 K성분이 모든 작물에서 고도의 부(負) 상관관계를 나타냈으나, Mg와 Ca함량이 감소는 농도간의 차이에 유의성이 없었다. Sodium selenate 처리에 따른 식물체내 셀레늄함량은 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 모든 공시작물에서 비례적으로 증가하여, 고농도인 $20mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구에서 브로콜리는 무처리구 보다 24.4배, 셀러리는 76.4배, 파슬리는 560배의 높은 함량을 보였으며, 결구상추, 비트도 같은 경향을 보였다. 작물의 생육단계별 처리에서는 생육초기에 후기보다 결구상추는 1.3배, 브로콜리는 1.4배 높았으나, 파슬리와 셀러리는 생육중기에 처리한 것이 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 처리 횟수별 Se 함량은 파슬리, 셀러리 및 결구상추는 처리 횟수에 비례하여 증가하다가 10회 이상이 되면 셀레늄의 축적량이 둔감해지는 경향을 나타냈으나, 브로콜리는 처리횟수가 많으면 많아질수록 셀레늄의 축적량도 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.655-663
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• 2017

본 연구는 전국 4권역 (수도권, 충청 강원권, 경상권, 전라권) 10개 지역의 가정, 단체급식소와 외식 음식 중 고나트륨 한식 대표 음식 16종, 총 480개 음식의 나트륨 함량을 분석하여, 나트륨 저감화 방향을 제시하고, 나트륨 함량 기준치 설정을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 음식군별 100 g 당 나트륨 함량은 가정식, 단체급식, 외식 모두 김치류와 조림류에서 가장 높았고 (p < 0.001), 고나트륨 한식 대표 음식 100 g 당 나트륨 함량은 멸치볶음(1,896.6 mg)이 가장 높았고, 그 다음으로 우엉 연근조림(820.6 mg)과 양파장아찌 (809.3 mg)였다 (p < 0.001). 그러나 1인분 나트륨 함량은 가정식에서는 돼지갈비찜/찜닭(1,429.6 mg)이 가장 높았고 (p < 0.001), 단체급식에서는 비빔밥 (1,074.1 mg)과 돼지갈비찜/찜닭 (838.8 mg)이 가장 높았으며 (p < 0.001), 외식에서는 육개장 (3,273.2 mg)과 동태찌개 (2,930.2 mg)의 1인분 나트륨 함량이 가장 높았다 (p < 0.001). 외식의 국 찌개 탕류의 100 g 당 나트륨 함량 및 1인분 나트륨 함량은 가정식과 단체급식 음식보다 유의하게 높았다 (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). 이상의 결과 100 g 당 나트륨 함량은 김치류와 조림류에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 1인분 나트륨 함량은 비빔밥, 국 찌개 탕류와 찜류 등 장류를 이용한 음식에서 높은 것으로 나타났고, 외식의 국 찌개 탕류의 나트륨 함량이 가정식과 단체급식에 비하여 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 나트륨 저감화의 방향이 장류 및 김치류의 저염화가 우선시 되어야 하며, 외식의 국물류의 염도를 낮추고, 1인분량을 줄이려는 노력이 필요함을 시사한다. 본 연구의 전국 가정식, 단체급식, 외식 음식 고나트륨 한식 대표음식의 나트륨 함량 분석 결과는 추후 나트륨 저감화 기준치를 제시하기 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.