• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.143-147
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• 2008

The sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) protein is functionally expressed in salivary glands. In this experiment, we examined the role of NBC in $HCO_3^-$ formation in human parotid gland acinar cells. Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured in 2'-7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF)-loaded cells. Acetazolamide (0.1 mM) and 4,4'-diisothio cyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS, 0.5 mM) were used as specific inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase and NBC, respectively. The degree of inhibition was assessed by measuring the pHi recovery rate (${\Delta}pHi$/min) after cell acidification using an ammonium prepulse technique. In control experiments, ${\Delta}pHi$/min was $1.40{\pm}0.06$. Treatment of cells with 0.5 mM DIDS or 0.1 mM acetazolamide significantly reduced ${\Delta}pHi$/min to $1.14{\pm}0.14$ and $0.74{\pm}0.15$, respectively. Simultaneous application of DIDS and acetazolamide further reduced ${\Delta}pHi$/min to $0.47{\pm}0.10$. Therefore, DIDS and acetazolamide reduced ${\Delta}pHi$/min by 19% and 47%, respectively, while simultaneous application of both DIDS and acetazolamide caused a reduction in ${\Delta}pHi$/min of 67%. These results suggest that in addition to carbonic anhydrase, NBC also partially contributes to $HCO_3^-$ formation in human parotid gland acinar cells.

• BMB Reports
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.70-76
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• 1998

The final step in ethylene biosynthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase. ACC oxidase was extracted from mung bean hypocotyls and its biochemical characteristics were determined. In vitro ACC oxidase activity required ascorbate and $Fe^{2+}$, and was enhanced by sodium bicarbonate. Maximum specific activity (approximately 20 nl ethylene $h^{-1}$ mg $protein^{-1}$) was obtained in an assay medium containing 100 mM MOPS (pH 7.5), $25\;{\mu}M$ $FeSO_4$, 6 mM sodium ascorbate, 1 mM ACC, 5 mM sodium bicarbonate and 10% glycerol. The apparent $K_m$ for ACC was $80{\pm}3\;{\mu}M$. Pretreating mung bean hypocotyls with ethylene increased in vitro ACC oxidase activity twofold. ACC oxidase activity was strongly inhibited by metal ions such as $Co^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$, and by salicylic acid. Inactivation of ACC oxidase by salicylic acid could be overcome by increasing the $Fe^{2+}$ concentration of the assay medium. The possible mode of inhibition of ACC oxidase activity by salicylic acid is discussed.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.695-701
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• 1991

0.05 M 중탄산 나트륨 및 0.04 M 인산염 완충용액 (pH 8.3)으로 처리한 노계육 가슴살 및 다리살 시료의 경우 근섬유 단백의 불안정화를 시사하는 열변성 온도의 저하가 관찰되었다. 이러한 현상을 근섬유 단백중 95 Kdalton 및 55 Kdalton protein의 추출과 관련 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단되었으며 처리 시료의 근섬유구조 변화(Z-line의 파괴)와도 관련 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1462-1467
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• 2007

This study investigated the effect of chemical treatments on tannins (condensed and hydrolysable) and on the trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity in salseed meal. Triplicate samples of ground salseed meal (1 kg) were mixed with 820 ml of either distilled water (pH 5.3), 0.67 M acetic acid (pH 2.4), 0.67 M sodium bicarbonate (pH 8.2) or 2% polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) solution. The material was placed in airtight plastic containers and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Samples of untreated salseed meal which had not been subjected to soaking or incubation were run through the analysis to serve as control. Addition of water, acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate and PVP solutions to salseed meal and subsequent anaerobic incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ significantly reduced chemically detectable tannins. At each incubation time, alkali solution was more effective than its counterparts. The effect of acidic solution on hydrolysable tannin was least among the treatments. All the treatments reduced TI activity of salseed meal. The reduction in TI activity by these treatments was similar and ranged between 80-84%. Treatment time effected a decrease in the contents of antinutritional substances. However, the effect of the treatment with the reagents, even for zero incubation time, was quite pronounced. It may be concluded from the present results that the treatment of salseed meal with sodium bicarbonate (0.67 M) is more effective in reducing hydrolysable and condensed tannin contents than PVP, water and acid solutions. Treatment with sodium bicarbonate solution is more economical and easier to handle than acid and PVP treatments. Incubation of the treated material for 12 h is reasonably effective, economical and safe from any mould growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1521-1530
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• 2009

A metabolic study was conducted with four ruminally-cannulated lactating goats (Saanen, 29 weeks lactation, 65${\pm}$5 kg) in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design with 4 dietary treatments. The goats were fed a basal mixed diet consisting of 80% concentrate and 20% chopped rye grass hay (DM basis, CON). The goats were also fed the CON diet supplemented with soybean oil at a 5% level of the concentrate (SO), the SO diet supplemented with 0.5% of sodium bicarbonate (SO-B) or the SO-B diet supplemented with 30 ppm monensin (SO-BM). The goats were housed in individual pen and the study was conducted for 8 weeks. An increased molar proportion of propionate (C3) was observed at 1 h (p<0.003) and 6 h (p<0.029) post-feeding from all the supplemented diets. Calculated methane emission was markedly decreased prior to morning feeding (p<0.01), and at 1 h (p<0.05) and 6 h post-feeding (p<0.05) in goats fed the supplemented diets. All the supplements increased (p<0.0001) cis9, trans11-CLA content in rumen fluid. Concentrations of both cis9, trans11-CLA (p<0.0001) and trans10, cis12-CLA (p<0.026) were also increased in the milk fat of lactating goats fed the supplemented diets. The SO-B and SO-BM diets further increased CLA content in goat milk compared to the SO diet. All supplements increased unsaturated (UFA, p<0.002), monounsaturated (MUFA, p<0.002) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p<0.014) and reduced SFA to UFA ratio (p<0.023). The concentration of MUFA was even greater (p<0.002) for SO-BM than for the SO-B diet. In conclusion, feeding soybean oil (5% of concentrate) to lactating goats was a useful way to improve milk fat and to improve fatty acid profile in the milk by increasing potentially healthy fatty acids such as CLA. Supplementation of sodium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate with monensin to the soybean oil-based diet increased CLA content further in goat milk. Supplementation of soybean oil may be an effective method to reduce methane emission in lactating goats.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.146-149
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• 1983

사골(四骨) 용출액중(溶出液中) 영양성분 특히 칼슘, 인, 질소성분의 용출량을 증가시키기 위한 기초연구로써 우선 산과 알카리 처리효과를 검토하였다. 산 처리로는 acetic acid를 0~0.8%까지, 알카리 처리로는 sodium bicarbonate를 0~0.05%까지 수준별로 처리하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 산 처리의 경우 칼슘은 acetic acid 농도가 증가될수록 용출량도 유의적으로 증가되었으며 특히 acetic acid 농도가 0.1% 이상일 때 유의적 증가를 보였으며 인은 0.3% 일 때 용출량이 급격히 증가되었다. Ca/P 비(比)는 acetic acid 농도가 0.01%까지는 1~2를 나타냈지만 그 이상의 모든 처리에서는 2 이상을 나타냈다. ${\alpha}$-amino N과 총 질소는 모두 acetic acid농도가 0.5% 이상일 때 유의적 증가를 보였다. 알카리 처리의 경우는 칼슘, 인, 총 질소는 모든 처리에서 유의적 증가를 나타내지 않았지만 ${\alpha}$-amino N은 sodium bicarbonate 농도가 0.05% 일 때 무처리(無處理)에 비해 유의적 증가를 보였다. (P<0.05) 이상의 결과에서 산 처리에 의해 영양성분의 용출은 현저히 증가되었으나 알카리 처리에 의해서는 크게 증가되지 못했다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.52-56
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• 1992

The ability of chemicals, 10% sodium hypochlorite, 28% ammonium hydroxide, 5% sodium hydroxide, 5% sodium bicarbonate, 0.1% hydrochloric acid, 5% hydrogen peroxide, and 5% acetone, to destroy aflatoxins in laboratory waste water containing 3.26 ppb of B$_{1}$ 7.64 ppb of B$_{6}$3 ppb of G$_{1}$, and 11.39 ppb of G$_{2}$ with the total of 29.11 ppb was investigated. High performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) was used for the separation and quantitation of aflatoxins. Treatment for 2 hours by the chemicals affected the destruction of aflatoxins and the most effective chemical was 10% sodium hypochlorite (p<0.05). Sodium hypochlorite concentrations more than 1% significantly reduced aflatoxin B$_{2}$, G$_{1}$, G$_{2}$ and total aflatoxins and more than 3% reduced B$_{1}$ (p<0.05). No further significant decreases were observed above the concentration of 5% for all 4 aflatoxins. Complete destruction of aflatoxins B$_{2}$, G_{1}$, and G$_{2}$ was achieved by 5% sodium hypochlorite at 48 hours and B$_{1}$ at 72 hours.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.253-262
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• 1991

Microencapsulation of sodium ascorbate with cellulose acetate phthalate(CAP) by coacervation/ phase separation method were carried out. Various factors affecting microencapsulation, i.e., surfactant concentration. CAP concentration, stirring speed and treatment of spermaceti as a sealing agent were studied. Dissolution rate. particle size distribution, surface feature and stability test were investigated. CAP microcapsules prepared using 0.5% span 80 as a surfactant showed smooth and round surfaces. The release of sodium ascorbate was retarded by microencapsulation with CAP and by sealant treatment with spermaceti. When triturated with sodium bicarbonate, CAP microcapsules were more stable than unencapsulated sodium ascorbate under various RH conditions at $37^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 1991

Generally, it has been known that cholecystokinin (CCK) release into the plasma is under cholinergic control, but secretin release is not. Thus in anesthetized dogs we studied the effect of atropine $(50\;{\mu}g/kg\;followed\;by\;50\;{\mu}g/kg/hr)$ on pancreatic secretion and plasma concentrations of bioactive CCK and immunoreactive secretin in response to intraduodenal perfusion of sodium oleate (1, 3 and 9 mmol/hr). The volume, protein output and bicarbonate output of the secretion were increased by sodium cleats and this oleate-induced secretion was decreased significantly by atropine administration. However the increased plasma CCK and secretin levels by sodium oleate were not changed by atropine. These results indicate that atropine suppressed sodium oleate-induced pancreatic secretion through inhibiting cholinergic mechanism directly rather than decreasing the release of pancreatic secretory hormones. In another set of experiments, bilateral cervical vagi were stimulated electrically to observe the changes of pancreatic secretion and the above two plasma hormone levels in the presence or absence of atropine. In the vagally stimulated dogs, the volume, protein output and bicarbonate output of the pancreatic secretion were increased significantly. Both plasma secretin and CCK were concomitantly released significantly by vagal stimulation. Atropine significantly depressed the pancreatic secretory response as well as the release of these two pancreatic secretory hormones. Therefore, we conclude that in the presence of atropine the depressed pancreatic response to vagal stimulation is at least, in part, due to decreased release of endogenous CCK and secretin. In the vagally stimulated animals, however, the involvement of direct cholinergic influence on pancreatic exocrine gland remains to be answered.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.119-137
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• 1989

Turtle bladder의 상피조직(上皮組織)과 세포막(細胞膜) 투과성(透過性)을 분석하기 위하여 동결절단법(凍結切斷法)을 적용(適用)하여 전자현미경(電子顯微鏡) 관찰을 하였으며 그 결과 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 방광상피(膀胱上皮)의 3가지 주요세포형(主要細胞形)은 granular-cell, ${\alpha}$ 및 ${\beta}$형(形)의 CA-rich cell로서 구분된다. 2. 과립성세포(顆粒性細胞)의 주요기능(主要機能)은 $Na^+$ 재흡수(再吸收)이며, 두 단계(段階)의 수송과정(輸送過程)으로 설명되며 정단세포막(頂端細胞膜)을 통한 $Na^+$의 세포내(細胞內) 확산이동(擴散移動)과 그후 기저막(基底膜)에 위치한 $Na^{+}\;-K^{+}$ 펌프에 의한 능동수송과정(能動輸送過程)이다. 3. ${\alpha}$ 및 ${\beta}$형(形) CA-rich cell은 $Na^+$ 수송(輸送)에 관여하지 않으며, ${\alpha}$형(形)의 CA-cell은 정단세포막(頂端細胞膜)의 proton펌프를 이용하여 proton 분필(分泌)에 관여한다. 또한 ${\beta}$형(形)의 CA-cell는 정단세포막(頂端細胞膜)을 통한 $HCO_{3}^-$ 분필수송(分泌輸送)의 기능을 가지고 있다. 4. 동결절단법(凍結切斷法)의 적용하에 세포막표면(細胞膜表面)의 특성(特性)을 관찰한 바, ${\alpha}$형(形)의 CA-cell의 정단세포막(頂端細胞膜)은 proton펌프를 함유하는 것으로 보이는 intramembrane particle이 다수 관찰되고 있으며, ${\beta}$형(形) CA-cell은 기저세포막(基底細胞膜)에서 이와같은 intramembrane particle이 나타나고 있다. 5. 상술(上述)한 두 type의 CA-cell에서 수송특성(輸送特性)의 차이는 proton 및 $HCO_{3}^-$ 분필수송(分泌輸送)이 서로 반대의 방향으로 일어나는 것으로 사료된다.