• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 2022

As the severity of water-related disasters increases in urban watersheds due to climate change, reducing flood damage in urban watersheds is one of the important issues. This study focuses on prioritizing the optimal site for permeable pavement to maximize the efficiency of reducing flood damage in urban watersheds in the future climate environment using multi-criteria decision making techniques. The Mokgamcheon watershed which is considerably urbanized than in the past was selected for the study area and its 27 sub-watersheds were considered as candidate sites. Six General Circulation Model (GCM) of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6(CMIP6) according to two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios were used to estimate future monthly precipitation for the study area. The Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework was used to select the water quantity evaluation criteria for prioritizing permeable pavement, and the study area was modeled using ArcGIS and Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). For the values corresponding to the evaluation criteria based on the DPSIR framework, data from national statistics and long-term runoff simulation value of SWMM according to future monthly precipitation were used. Finally, the priority for permeable pavement was determined using the Fuzzy TOPSIS and Minimax regret method. The high priorities were concentrated in the downstream sub-watersheds where urbanization was more progressed and densely populated than the upstream watersheds.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2018

This study aims to identify the factors influencing the perofrmance of agricultural projects for small farmers in Malawi. This cross-sectional study was conducted to discover the factors behind the slow performance of agricultural projects in alleviating poverty. The research was conducted in the Karonga and Phalombe Districts in the northern and southern parts of Malawi, respectively. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire survey administered to 82 agriculture extension workers, and a multiple regression analysis was conducted. The results indicated that farmers' socioeconomic factors, including high illiteracy and poverty rates, poor participation regarding project implementation, and high dependency syndrome, significantly affected the performance of agricultural projects. Within the projects them selves, this study discovered that there was no consistent flow of funds. This greatly affected the schedule of project activities, thereby compromising performance. The study recommends that the government and all relevant stakeholders work jointly to alleviate poverty. It is especially important to ensure that smallholder farmers are equipped with self-help capabilities. In addition, it is critical to examine the issues of funding disbursement.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 2015

Objectives: Food safety has become one of the major public-concerning issues in Korea. In order to set guidelines to create manuals for the response to a food safety crisis by food industry, this paper classified food safety crises and suggested techniques to determine crisis level. Methods: This study clarified common terminologies and definitions including in food safety crises. It reviewed various food safety crises and described characteristics, types, and states of crises. Results: The results of this study suggested that a food safety crisis implied a situation in which hazards/risk spreading in the food supply chain was widely described, causing strong public concern followed by a socioeconomic impact, and therefore, requiring the implementation of a prompt and full response regarding the situation. In terms of seeking response plans, food safety crises might be classified according to the penalties resulting from violations of laws and regulations, causative substances, stages of the food supply chain, and first contact point for incidents. The crisis level for a food safety crisis could be classified according to its severity parameters. The guideline matrix was divided into four major stages: Blue/guarded, Yellow/elevated, Orange/high, and Red/severe. This study also suggested several methods for determining the crisis level, such as the simple judgement method, scoring methods using a check-list and a weighted check-list. Conclusion: The severity of related parameters might be of great importance in understanding a crisis and determining response options/challenges for crisis levels.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.138-144
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• 2017

Purpose: Following legal reform in 2013, the annual number of asylum seekers entering South Korea has increased from 1,143 in 2012 to 5,711 in 2015. We interviewed six African refugee mothers of young children regarding their health needs and barriers to access maternal child health services. Methods: We recruited mothers who had visited a clinic for immigrants between July 2013 and August 2015. Participants were African refugee women, aged over 18 years, who had given birth in Korea within the previous 5 years and had come to Korea over a year before recruitment. Interview questions examined participants' experiences in pregnancy and childbirth and concerns regarding their child's health status. Initial data analysis involved all researchers' immersion in the entire collection of transcripts. We then noted recurrent topics and themes and identified similar issues. Results: At the time of giving birth, 5 participants were asylum seekers and one had undocumented status. The following barriers impeded their access to maternal child healthcare: socioeconomic factors (unstable social identity, low economic status, difficulty obtaining health insurance), language barriers (lack of linguistically appropriate health information, limited access to translation services), and cultural barriers (religious and cultural differences). Weak social support also hindered access to healthcare soon after migration; however, social links with the community emerged as a key coping strategy following settlement. Conclusion: We identified barriers to maternal and child healthcare and coping strategies among African refugee mothers in Korea. Future research should assess refugees' health status and improve health access and literacy among refugee mothers.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.70-97
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• 1995

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the trend of urbanization and population distribution in North Korea. Although North Korean data lack comparable details, attention has been given to the comparison of urban system between North and South Korea. In North Korea, the pace of urbanization was most rapid just after the Korean War, from 1954 to 1960. However, the pace slowed down markedly in the early 1970s and has remained sluggish since then. North Korea is currently much less urbanized than South Korea. As specific features of urbanization in North Korea, emergence of new cities along inland borders, prominence of intermediate-sized cities, and sudden population growth of major cities due to boundary expansion are stressed. Available demographic data also indicate an overwhelming primacy of Pyongyang Municipality in the urban system, and rapid growth of satellite cities in the west-central region. It appears that, in North Korea, urbanization process has been a product of the government's development policies rather than individual's socioeconomic motivation to migrate urbanward. Finally, migration issues after unification of the Korean Peninsula and related problems are discussed in this study.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.107-130
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• 2012

Economic analysis of climate change in the Korean peninsula has been conducted in the four major river basins. Although climate change impacts can vary in many terms, typically flood damages from the increase of precipitation and drought from rainless, this research only focused on effects of altering precipitation due to the lack of information and depth-damage functional form in Korea. This research also considered a gamma function of 5 % failure to deal with uncertainty issues in water resources. For the detailed analysis, time different discount rates have been used for short, mid, and long period, viz., 2.76%, 1.45%, and 0.62%, respectively. Over all effects of climate change on four major riverbasins can be summarized as no short period damage except the Han river basin. In the Han river basin, rapid increases of residential water use lead short term water shortage.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.2 s.53
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• pp.265-278
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• 1996

This paper concerns professional socialization of medical students. Professional socialization, in the context of this paper, means the process through which a layperson becomes a doctor equipped with professional identity and values. While medical education does not include such process in the curriculum, medical students obtain certain values and identity informally. The dependent variables were professional values and professionalism. The former means the desirable attributes required to conducting professional works such as humane attitudes, science-oriented mind, capability for organizational management. The latter means socio-political reasoning with which doctors can rationalize their privileges such as autonomy. A specially designed questionnaire was developed. The data were collected from five medical schools for 1,318 students in 1994. A total of 1,070 cases were finally included in the statistical analysis. The students emphasized the human factor in the professional values. Their attitude did not change with the grade. Other independent variables such as motives for entering a medical school, socioeconomic status, satisfaction with medical education, etc. also did not influence professinal values. It implies that professional values were not consolidated among the students. However, the factors of professionalism change significantly with the grade. It implies that the students paid more attention to socio-political issues related to doctor's interests as the grade went up. And the factor scores for professionalism were higher for those students who had more positive attitude towards doing medical practice for profit, expected higher income, and were more conservative about social reform. Other independent variables did not influence professionalism. It seems that the students also give emphasis on professionalism, like current medical doctors, mainly because of their concern with recent unfavorable changes in economic conditions of medical care providers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.292-300
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• 2010

Objectives: This study attempted to explore the aging phenomena that now characterize much of Korean society, and assessed issues associated with the life satisfaction experienced during the process of aging. Methods: By employing the National Survey on the State of Life and the Desire for Welfare of the Elderly, 2004 in South Korea this study attempted to identify the factors that determine subjective life satisfaction among the elderly. The data utilized herein consisted of 3278 elderly people aged 65 years or older, from 9308 households. Results: The results of analysis from the final model after the introduction of 19 variables in 8 factors showed statistically similar explanatory power in men (adj. $R^2=0.320$) and in women (adj. $R^2=0.346$). We found that economic condition was the most influential factor in both men (B = 0.278) and women (B = 0.336) except perceived health condition variables. The second most influential variable in life satisfaction was health checkups in men (B = 0.128) and degree of nutritional diet in women (B = 0.145). Those who had experience with chronic diseases also reported significantly lower perceived life satisfaction and this was particularly true of women. Conclusions: The aging society requires an understanding of the lives of elderly individuals. This study explored factors associated with life satisfaction in old age by using a life satisfaction model. The success of an aging society begins with an accurate understanding of the elderly, and thus political attention will need to be focused on this matter.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-56
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• 2014

This paper reviews the most central analytical and methodological issues that arise in developing national STI strategies. First, an outline of the relationship between national innovation systems and the strategic dimension is presented. The paper shows that science, technology and innovation strategy are often used in different forms and that there is no common understanding yet of the actual meaning and coverage of these strategies. The paper develops the terminology from a discussion of different approaches towards company innovation processes analyzing their evolution in different socioeconomic environments and the role and impact of science, technology and innovation policy on company innovation processes. Based on this conceptual understanding the paper defines national science, technology, innovation, and STI strategy and explains the basic terminology. From these definitions, the strategic dimension including the impact on the stakeholders is discussed. It is shown that a major success factor for STI strategy development is the involvement of stakeholders to vary and extend their use of their portfolio of instruments. Moreover it becomes evident that stakeholders follow their own interests which aren't necessarily in the interest of the national STI strategies. The analysis shows advantages and disadvantages as well as potentials and limitations of different approaches to develop STI strategies in their ability to describe the reality of innovation processes and to allow conclusions about the relationship between innovation policy and the innovation processes implemented by companies. It is shown that knowledge of these limitations is an important factor to consider in designing consistent and coherent national STI policy which aims at supporting innovation eventually. Finally the paper concludes that the STI policy mix concept needs a more systemic development approach which is integrated in the national STI strategy development and implementation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.42-56
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• 1996

The citizens seek to maximize convenience, pleasantness and safety when they use urban facilities. However, existing practices of urban neighborhood parks have applied not qualitative standards such as adequacy, efficiency, accessibility, equity, or socioeconomic issues but very limited quantitative standards such as area per person. Therefore it is not rare that citizens have lost their accessibility to near-by neighborhood parks. And park regulations based on the distance of lien are supposed to be uniformally accomplished regardless of the consideration about users or geographical special situations. Futhermore, it has been found that some urban neighborhood parks don't reach to the standards given by the regulations. This study tries to accomplished several purposes. The first purpose is to extract the boundary of real user-accessible zones derived from the city survey. Comparing with boundary of real user-accessible zones, the second one is to propose the most efficient measurement indices among many accessibility measurement index. Based upon the above arguments, the last one is to review the propriety of the access distances(e.g., semidiameter) of an urban neighborhood park in a law. The measurement indices of accessibility examined in this study are walking distance, walking time and walking difficulty. The comparison of visual discrimination, the comparison of area and the comparison of differences of maximum distance showed similar results. Each index can also be compared in the size of area and differences of maximum distance. Walking difficulty with the turning showed the best measurement values among the measurement indices. This indicates that walking difficulty with crossing and/or turning may be another important indices in measuring accessibility, while other existing studues have mainly dealt with walking time and distance as accessibility indices. The results of this study also supported that the existing regulations related to park allocation(e.g., access diameter) are close to the findings of this study.