• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1440-1444
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• 2005

To determine the effects of short-term dietary supplementation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) during nursing (from 3 to 28 days of age) on plasma BCAA levels and subsequent growths in cattle, 12 nursing male Holstein calves, randomly assigned to control and treatment groups (n = 6 in each group), orally received a daily supplement of essential BCAAs (2 g/kg body weight/day; 1:1:1 of valine, leucine and isoleucine) or not. The plasma BCAA levels increased linearly after the administration. During the treatment period, average daily gain (ADG) was lower in the treatment group (0.43${\pm}$0.07 kg/day) than the controls (0.71${\pm}$0.07 kg/day, p<0.05). However, at 2 months of age, ADG was significantly higher in the BCAA-treated group (1.16${\pm}$0.26 kg/day vs. 0.51${\pm}$0.06 kg/day, p<0.05). Furthermore, at age 8, 9 and 10 month, ADG in the treated group (1.35${\pm}$0.23, 1.46${\pm}$0.07 and 1.60${\pm}$0.16 kg/day, respectively) showed a linear increase and was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.88${\pm}$0.14, 0.70${\pm}$0.21 and 1.11${\pm}$0.11 kg/kg, respectively, p<0.05). Overall, ADG was 15.6% higher in the treatment group (1.26${\pm}$0.05 kg vs. 1.09${\pm}$0.04 kg; p<0.05). The final body weight at slaughter was 14.8% higher in the treatment group (759.5${\pm}$17.7 kg vs. 661.7${\pm}$21.2 kg, p<0.01). Thus, the supplementation of BCAAs during nursing improves ADG and carcass weight in cattle and is a useful husbandry technique for beef cattle.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.690-705
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• 2000

This ethnography was based on Kleinman's explanatory model of a health care system. It is conducted to make thick discription of illness conception of the elderly in a sociocultural context. The basic assumptions were as follows. 1) A health care system is a cultural system, and as with any other cultural system, it is a system of symbolic meanings anchored in a particular arrangement of social institutions and patterns of interpersonal relationships; 2) In all societies health care activities are more or less interrelated. Therefore, they need to be in a holistic manner as socially organized responses to disease that constitute a special cultural system; health care system; 3) Health and illness experiences are the natural process of disease. Individuals who recognized a for state of health, their family, neighbors, and communities define the state, search for causes of the health problems, and response to it. According by, they proceed to search for healing stratagies. So, understanding of the illness experience is the starting point for health care. The study participants were 12 elders aged 60 or more. The fieldwork was conducted in an agricultural clan village of Namwon city. The data collection and analysis were cyclic, from descriptive observation, domain analysis, focused observation, taxanomic analysis, selected observation, componential analysis, and finally cultural themes were all analysed. Proxemic and text analysis techniques were used according to the characteristics of the data. The data of sociocultural context and descriptive data were collected from 1990 to 1992. Informations on illness concepts were collected during 1994 using focused observation. Data confirming and contrast observations were conducted from 1997 and 1999. Illness concepts of the elderly were taxonomized supernatural cause, non-supernatural cause, immediate cause, and ultimate cause. The supernatural ones were ancestors, god of home, god of village, and ghost such as 'sal(evil force of dead man)' and 'gagqui(ghost of begger)'. The non-supernatural ones were Ki, natural phenomenones, natural objects, foods, human and human behaviors. Immediate ones were insufficiency and overflows, discretion and consolidation, disorder and out of order, cloudness and contamination, and fluctuation and stagnation of supernatural cause and non-supernatural ones. Ultimate causes were intrusion and loss of supernatural and nonsupernatural ones. The cultural themes of illness concepts of the elderly are: 1) illness concepts are not based on causality principle, but on reciprocal principle; 2) illness concepts are affected by social level and charicteristics of the patients; 3) the causes of disease are recognized as imposed both positive and negative effects on health based on interpretation of the indiviuals; 4) illness concepts reflects on principles of everyday life of the society members such as hierachial structure and group cohesiveness; 5) illness concepts are ruled on principle of reciprocity and spread; 6) illness concepts are interrelated with physical environment of the participants. It can be concluded that the illness concepts of the elderly in a traditional clan village are a component of health care system as a cultural system based on these results. The these results can be a useful basis for gerontological nursing practice and education.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.232-265
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• 1998

Taiwan has experienced rapid economic growth during the past two decades. As a result, the demand for health care in Taiwan has increased rapidly. To meet the rising demand, Taiwan implemented a National Health Insurance (NHI) program on March 1, 1995. This program now covers more than 96 percent of Taiwan's citizens. Implementation of the NHI in 1995 represents fulfillment of a primary social and health policy goals of Taiwan. The goals of the NHI program is to eliminate financial barriers of health care for the citizens, to improve the quality of care. To achieve these goals, the NHI was designed on the following principles: 1. All Taiwan citizens are compul내교 joined the NHI program by law; 2. The NHI program provides comprehensive services; 3. The NHI is run by one single govt' subsidy; 5. The NHI adopt fee-for-services scheme to pay medical expenses and copayment to avoid abouse of medical services. However, the scheme did not bring in the efficient use of health care C. National Health Council, 1986 NARC, Aging in Japan, International Publication Series 1991;2 Kahana EF. Kiyak HA. Attitude and behavior of staff in facilities for the aged, 1984 Naoki I, John CC. Health polic report japan's medical care system, New England Joumal of Medicine 1995; 333(19) National Economic Research Associates, The Health CAre System in Japan, NERA, 1993. National Federation of health Insurance Societies (KEMPOREM), Health Insurance and Health Insurance Societies in Japan, 1995. Owe Ahlund, Aging and housing in sweden, Paper presented at the International Symposium, Long term Care Facility, 1993. Statisitics Jahrbuch, Statistisches Bundesamt, 1992. Stein S. Linn, MIW. and Stein EM. Patient's anticipation of stress in nursing home care, 1985. U. S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, A Report of the special Committee on Aging, Washing D. C, 1992. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.598-606
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• 2010

This study investigated the nutritional quality of soybean meal (SBM) fermented by Aspergillus ($FSBM_A$) and/or followed by Lactobacillus fermentation ($FSBM_{A+L}$). Both fermented products significantly improved protein utilization of SBM with higher trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble true protein content, in vitro protein digestibility and available lysine content, especially in $FSBM_{A+L}$. Moreover, $FSBM_{A+L}$ produced a huge amount of lactic acid resulting in lower pH as compared to the unfermented SBM or soybean protein concentrate (SPC) (p<0.05). $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$ raised 4.14% and 9.04% of essential amino acids and 5.38% and 9.37% of non-essential amino acids content, respectively. The ${\alpha}$-galactoside linkage oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose content in $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$ decreased significantly. The results of soluble protein fractions and distribution showed that the ratio of small protein fractions (<16 kDa) were 42.6% and 63.5% for $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$, respectively, as compared to 7.2% for SBM, where the ratio of large size fractions (>55 kDa, mainly ${\beta}$-conglycinin) decreased to 9.4%, 5.4% and increased to 38.8%, respectively. There were no significant differences in ileal protein digestibility regardless of treatment groups. SPC inclusion in the diet showed a better protein digestibility than the SBM diet. In summary, soybean meal fermented by Aspergillus, especially through the consequent Lactobacillus fermentation, could increase the nutritional value as compared with unfermented SBM and is compatible with SPC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1301-1309
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate the use of nurse sows and post-weaning nutrition strategies for low wean weight (WW) pigs on lifetime growth and efficiency. Methods: Animals (n = 270) were assigned to one of five treatments at 28 d. Low WW pigs (<6 kg) were either weaned and offered a special dietary regime recommended for low WW pigs (WEAN) or placed on a nurse sow (NURSE) and weaned at 49 d. Normal WW pigs (9 kg) (NORM) were also weaned at 28 d. After weaning, NORM and NURSE pigs were offered either a 'high' (4 kg/pig of starter 1 diet followed by 8 kg/pig of starter 2 diet) or 'low' (8 kg/pig of starter 2 diet) starter diet allowance in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. A typical grower diet was then offered, followed by a typical finisher diet until 147 d of age. Results: NORM pigs where heavier throughout their life compared to NURSE pigs (91.4 kg vs 76.2 kg at 147 d; p<0.001). WEAN pigs were heavier at 70 d compared to NURSE pigs (23.9 kg vs 21.0 kg; p<0.001), but there was no significant difference at 147 d between NURSE and WEAN treatments. NURSE pigs had reduced feed intake throughout the finishing period (1.6 kg/d; p<0.001) compared to WEAN (2.0 kg/d) and NORM (1.9 kg/d) pigs. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of NURSE (2.20) was lower than NORM and WEAN during the finishing period (2.40 and 2.79, respectively). Conclusion: Extended (up to 49 d) nursing for low WW pigs resulted in improved FCR during the finishing period, but no overall improvement in growth rate compared to low WW pigs weaned at 28 d and offered a specialised starter regime. Normal WW pigs where significantly heavier than low WW pigs throughout the study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.225-236
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• 2014

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of a basal diet with benzoic acid or thymol or a mixture of essential oil blends (MEO) or a combination of benzoic acid with MEO (BMEO) on growth performance of turkey poults. Control groups were fed a basal diet. In trial 1, benzoic acid was supplied at levels of 300 and 1,000 mg/kg. In trial 2, thymol or the MEO were supplied at levels of 30 mg/kg. In trial 3, the combination of benzoic acid with MEO was evaluated. Benzoic acid, MEO and BMEO improved performance, increased lactic acid bacteria populations and decreased coliform bacteria in the caeca. Thymol, MEO and BMEO improved antioxidant status of turkeys. Benzoic acid and BMEO reduced the buffering capacity compared to control feed and the pH values of the caecal content. Benzoic acid and EOs may be suggested as an effective alternative to AGP in turkeys.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1011-1014
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• 2008

A total of 335 sows at a commercial operation (Hitch Pork Producers Inc, Guymon, OK) was used to determine dietary effects of yeast culture supplementation ($XPC^{TM}$, Diamond V Mills) on litter performance. Sows were grouped by parity (parity 1 to 12). Pigs within a group were then allotted to treatments. Treatments consisted of: CON (no added yeast culture) and YC (12 and 15 g/d XPC during gestation and lactation, respectively). Sows were housed individually and fed their assigned gestation and lactation diets from d 35 of gestation to d 21 of lactation. Sows were fed 2.0 kg/d during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. Voluntary feed intake was measured daily during lactation. At farrowing, numbers of pigs born total and alive were measured. Weights of litters were measured at birth and weaning on d 21 of lactation. Litter weight gain of the YC treatment was 6.9% greater (p<0.01) than that of the CON. However, voluntary feed intake of sows and litter size did not differ between treatments. This study indicates that dietary yeast culture supplementation benefits sow productivity by improving litter weight gain. At present, it is not confirmed if improved litter weight gain was due to milk production, which remains to be investigated.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.133-137
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• 2014

Background: Today, breast cancer is increasing in nearly all societies. Currently, cancers are the third leading cause of death in Iran after cardiovascular diseases and accidents. Of the cancers, breast cancer is spreading particularly rapidly among Iranian women. Negative effects of discontinuation of care on patient survival have been well documented. Inhibiting or facilitating factors affecting continuity of care at different stages of the patient care continuum should be identified. Materials and Methods: The current study implemented a qualitative method that provided tools to examine factors in detail. This study was conducted on 22 women, undergoing surgery and chemotherapy after being diagnosed with breast cancer. Content analysis was the technique adopted. Results: The effective factors in continuity of care from the patients' perception, based on the participant statements, were classified into three categories of evaluation of symptoms, psychological reactions, and care triggers with several subcategories. Conclusions: According to the outcomes of the current study, it can be noted that, the patient experiences can be brought into use by health-care professionals and assist them in providing patient sand their families with adequate consulting services. It can also provide an opportunity for making interventions tailored to the community culture, and closer adherence of patients to the prescribed treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1324-1329
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of the transformed Lactobacillus reuteri Pg4 (T-Pg4) harboring the ${\beta}$-glucanase gene as a poultry probiotic. The probiotic properties of the T-Pg4 strain were evaluated in vitro by their adherence capability and acid and bile salt tolerance, and were evaluated in vivo by their survival and adhesion in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The results showed that the T-Pg4 strain exhibited resistance to acidic conditions and contact with bile salt, and adhered efficiently to the crop and intestinal epithelial cells of chickens in vitro. The T-Pg4 strain also could survive and colonize the gastrointestinal epithelium of the experimental SPF chickens in vivo. In addition, radial enzyme diffusion was used to demonstrate that the Lactobacillus spp. randomly isolated from the GIT of the SPF chickens fed T-Pg4 possessed ${\beta}$-glucanase secretion capability. These findings have demonstrated that the transformed L. reuteri Pg4 survives transit through the stomach and intestine, and may secrete ${\beta}$-glucanase in the chicken GIT. Therefore, it is suggested that this organism could be used as a multifunctional poultry probiotic.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 1975

Suicides have been considered to be one of the grave problems of modern societies. According to recent police statistics of Republic of Korea, 28.6 suicides in every 100, 000 were reported. Psychiatric Patients are believed to be predisposed to suicidal tendencies. This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of suicidal attempts and to analyse the environmental factors involved in the suicidal accidents of patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals. Records of 66 suicidal accidents from three psychiatric hospitals during the period of January 1971 through June 1971 were sampled. Data were analysed by percentile score. Results are as follows; 1. The age group of 21~30yrs. was revealed to be the highest in frequency of suicidal attempts (50.0%) Among the unsuccessful suicides; the age group of 31~40yrs. in men and the age group of 21~30 yrs. in women revealed to be the highest in frequency-Among the unsuccessful suicides; the age group of 21-30 yrs. in both sex revealed to be the highest in frequency. 2. Suicidal accidents occurred more frequently to the unmarried(63.6%)- Among the successful suicides; higher frequency was shown to unmarried in men and the frequency is contrasted in women. Among the unsuccessful; the unmarried in both sex were revealed to be highest in frequency. 3. Schizophrenia was revealed the highest of suicidal attempts in frequency (81.8%). 4, Suicides were most frequently attempted in the spring(46, 9%). Among the successful suicides; highest frequencies were shown in men in tile winter and in women in the summer season. Among the unsuccessful suicides :highest frequencies were shown in men in the winter and in women in the spring. 5. Suicidal attempts were most frequently occurred in hospital wards (40.9%), In women, unsuccessful attempts were found to be the highest on authorized leave at their homes. 6. The hanging was revealed to be the most frequently adopted methods for suicidal attempts (31.8%). Among the successful suicides; hanging was the most frequent method adopted in men white in women the drug over-dose, Among the unsuccessful suicides ; stabbing by sharp devices while in women drug-overdosage was adopted as well 7. The most frequently adopted instrument of different suicidal attempts were: house-hold wrapper (26.3%) in cases of hanging, knives (31.8%) in cases of stabbing, and drugs. 8. The suicidal attempts have occurred most frequently at dawn through early morning (2-6A. M.) (34.8%). Among the successful suicides i most frequent time of occurrence on week-days were revealed to be dawn, while on holidays the occurrence were in the evening as well Among the unsuccessful; the most frequent time of occurrence was the day hours while on holidays at dawn. 9. Suicidal attempts within the hospital ward were first noticed by nurses most frequently (42.2%). 10. Manifestations such as restlessness, depression, self-depreciation were revealed to be the most frequent pre-suicidal attempt behavior characteristics. 11. Among the successful suicides ; manifestations of physical damage were found on the neck while among unsuccessful attempts, the damages were found on exterminates.