• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.355-380
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to explore the lived experience of aging of the poor elderly and to identify suitable welfare policies on their behalf. For this purpose, I selected 16 participants from the criterion sampling of the impoverished elderly and conducted in-depth interviews, after which the collected data was analyzed using the phenomenological approach of Cloaizzi(1978). As a result, 27 themes, 10 clusters of themes, and 4 categories were pinpointed. The 4 categories are 'Facing death,' 'Becoming despondent in heart and mind,' 'Living a hard life,' and 'Going with the flow of life.' By integrating the meanings of these findings, the essence of the lived experience of aging of the poor elderly was to be, 'Self-sufficiency despite receiving welfare benefits from the government.' The lived experience of aging of the poor elderly was revealed as not being entirely based around dependency but rather around strongly independent and positive life attitudes. But also found were difficulties due to lack of living expenses required for survival, deep death anxieties, and life attitudes in the context of Confucian culture. Based on the study results above, I presented welfare policies for the poor elderly as outlined: implementation of social activities in order to encourage independence and positivity among the poor elderly, actualization of payment that meets at least the minimum costs of living, consolidation of psychological-emotional assistance, implementation of death-related education programs, and the compilation of a welfare policy manual for the impoverished elderly.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.59-69
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• 2004

By studying on the characteristics of cancer patients who receive radiotherapy and the attitudes of medical social workers, this thesis aims to suggest of requirements for medical social work intervention. The study was conducted using SPSS 10.0 for Windows to analyze data taken from a survey involving 90 cancer patients receiving radiotherapy in 4 general hospitals in Daejeon city. The data were collected form Oct. 1st to 15th, 2003, and its analyses used averages, correlation, and regression. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The average family income in 67.8% of the cases was less than 2,000,000 won, which is a lower income bracket. In the disease characteristics, fatigue ware the highest (2.78) in the side effects of radiotherapy, which most patients were receiving alongside other forms of treatment. 2. It was shown that cancer patients receiving radiotherapy receive a high level of psychological and social support from doctors and other medical staffs, and that they also received a high average (4.38) of individual care and encouragement from family members. 3. In the psychosocial status, the need for financial assistance in the form of a national aid program or an expansion of medical insurance was great, especially in the need for house keeping service and night nurses. The need for psychosocial counselling rose following rises in treatment side effects and depression. Information for cancer patients was especially needed in the areas of treatment plans, treatment costs, and side effects of radiotherapy. The need for information rose in accordance with an elongation of hospital treatment and an escalation of care from family members.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.164-178
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• 2020

This study was intended to study how social responsibility of small businesses affected tax avoidance. Specifically, it was intended to verify how social responsibility is influenced by tax psychological factors and how it is related to tax avoidance by making it an economic liability factor, an ethical liability factors. For him, the empirical data were reviewed, the questionnaire was prepared, and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.0 and PROCESS MACRO ver. 3.4. The verification showed that corporate economic and ethical responsibilities affected tax avoidance and that legal responsibility did not affect tax evasion, and that tax psychological factors mediated some of the effects of social responsibility on tax avoidance. Judging from the above results, it is doubtful that the prevention of tax evasion would require tax incentives to offset the costs incurred by an enterprise's economic responsibilities, and to establish a strict tax code to prevent one or two tax evasions from spreading throughout the group. In this study, however, there are limitations that arise from differences between variables omitted from the research model and methods of measuring tax hedges. Therefore, further studies using a wider variety of variables are required in subsequent studies.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.1043-1061
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate cost side by type of long term care services economically, and then to discuss the findings and implications for the results of analysis. For this research, primary caregivers that provide care the elderly requiring long term care services sanctioned by National Health Insurance Corporation were drawn and surveyed. Among collected data, data for 422 primary caregivers were used for this study. The subjects used in this study consisted of family caregivers from various settings that give care to the elderly. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, caregiver's household income level is low. Therefore, caregiving families with the elderly are likely to have financial difficulties. Second, under coverage of long term care insurance system, the direct cost caregiving households pay for the elderly is still very high. Third, indirect cost of caregiving households accounted for the larger proportion caregiving costs. Fourth, social cost burden for caregiving the elderly is very high. This cost amount is appropriately equal to household income of caregivers surveyed in the research. Fifth, service use cost of caregiving households is differentiated by type of long term care service. Sixth, direct cost of caregiving households is statistically significantly differentiated by type of long term care service, but is differentiated less than service use cost. Seventh, social indirect cost for caregiving the elderly is statistically significantly differentiated by type of long term care service. Eighth, social cost amounts for the elderly utilizing long term care service is very high, total social cost per capita by types of long term care service tend to converge on average social cost per capita of total service.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.6D
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• pp.571-577
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• 2012

Recently, improving public transport service at disabled people has emerged as a social issue in rural areas. By improving expensive and inefficient existing operating system, the rural bus have to change a personalized service. Under these circumstances, government and local governments are promoting the introduction of DRT(Demand response transport). DRT system is intended to promote the user's convenience. But, until now, in-depth research on the operating costs for the introduction of DRT is not well known. This study aims to look at changes in number of vehicle and operating costs before and after introduction of DRT. The results are as follows. Even though introducing DRT, total number of vehicles increases because it does not reduce the existing number of vehicles. And this study estimated to about 5 to 12 percent of the increase in the operating cost comparing before introduction of DRT. Therefore, The introduction of DRT in rural areas is a need to set the exact purpose as promote transportation convenience or cost efficiency.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.799-805
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• 2016

Background: There is no standard treatment for patients with platinum-resistant or refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Single agent chemotherapies have evidence of more efficacy and less toxicity than combination therapy. Most are very expensive, with appreciable toxicity and minimal survival. Since it is difficult to make comparison between outcomes, economic analysis of single-agent chemotherapy regimens and best supportive care may help to make decisions about an appropriate management for the affected patients. Objective: To evaluate the cost effectiveness of second-line chemotherapy compared with best supportive care for patients with platinum-resistant or refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Materials and Methods: A Markov model was used to estimate the effectiveness and total costs associated with treatments. The hypothetical patient population comprised women aged 55 with platinum-resistant or refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Four types of alternative treatment options were evaluated: 1) gemcitabine followed by BSC; 2) pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) followed by BSC; 3) gemcitabine followed by topotecan; and 4) PLD followed by topotecan. Baseline comparator of alternative treatments was BSC. Time horizon of the analysis was 2 years. Health care provider perspective and 3% discount rate were used to determine the costs of medical treatment in this study. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) were used to measure the treatment effectiveness. Treatment effectiveness data were derived from the literature. Costs were calculated from unit cost treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer patients at various stages of disease in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH) in the year 2011. Parameter uncertainty was tested in probabilistic sensitivity analysis by using Monte Carlo simulation. One-way sensitivity analysis was used to explore each variable's impact on the uncertainty of the results. Results: Approximated life expectancy of best supportive care was 0.182 years and its total cost was 26,862 Baht. All four alternative treatments increased life expectancy. Life expectancy of gemcitabine followed by BSC, PLD followed by BSC, gemcitabine followed by topotecan and PLD followed by topotecan was 0.510, 0.513, 0.566, and 0.570 years, respectively. The total cost of gemcitabine followed by BSC, PLD followed by BSC, gemcitabine followed by topotecan and PLD followed by topotecan was 113,000, 124,302, 139,788 and 151,135 Baht, respectively. PLD followed by topotecan had the highest expected quality-adjusted life-years but was the most expensive of all the above strategies. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of gemcitabine followed by BSC, PLD followed by BSC, gemcitabine followed by topotecan and PLD followed by topotecan was 344,643, 385,322, 385,856, and 420,299 Baht, respectively. Conclusions: All of the second-line chemotherapy strategies showed certain benefits due to an increased life-year gained compared with best supportive care. Moreover, gemcitabine as second-line chemotherapy followed by best supportive care in progressive disease case was likely to be more effective strategy with less cost from health care provider perspective. Gemcitabine was the most cost-effective treatment among all four alternative treatments. ICER is only an economic factor. Treatment decisions should be based on the patient benefit.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.81-93
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• 2021

Through processors, wholesale markets, intermediate sellers, and retailers, agricultural products have been distributed in a multi-level customary manner for a long time as they are easy to deteriorate and no not have a standardized system of size and quality. However, with the advancement of Internet networks and logistic services during the 2000s that facilitated the development of offline markets, and the rise of the non-contact purchase preference in direct response to COVID-19, previous offline consumers flowed into the online market to purchase agricultural goods. In other words, the volume of online agricultural transactions exploded since the pandemic. Against this social backdrop, this study focused on the difference in distribution costs as a result of converting from conventional offline distribution channels to online channels, and analyzed the reduced distribution costs through a case study of garlic sales on the online platform "H" shopping mall. The analysis found that considerable economic effects occurred, some of the effects being an approximate 39% decrease in distribution cost when comparing direct online transactions of the online shopping mall with other more traditional means, a reduced distribution cost rate of approximately 28%p, and increased profit for farmers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.131-150
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• 2015

This article studied the procedures and items used in royal princess weddings by examining "Garyedeungrok(嘉禮謄錄)" which describes Princess Hwasun(和順翁主, 1720-1758)'s wedding in 1732. This was the first wedding by a princess during King Yeongjo(英祖)'s reign. Preparation for the wedding was made based on the previous weddings of royal princesses, but it did not follow the old tradition. The wedding costs were cut down, and it was done in a simpler way than before. However, the simplification of elaborate wedding outfits were not part of this change as ceremonial robes such as No-ui(露衣), Jangsam(長衫) and Chopo(綃袍) were used without much alteration. The wedding ceremony of Princess Hwasun shows the transition process from the royal princess wedding ceremony traditions and rituals in the late 17th century to "Gukhonjeongrye", which emerged and became solidified as a new social norm in the 18th century. A legitimate royal princess and a de facto princess from King's concubine were hardly different when it came to their royal outfitting but the disparity in social status between the two was found in the materials used to make clothes for their respective husbands. Princess Hwasun's wedding procedure shown in "Garyedeungrok" is similar to that of "Gukjo-orye-ui(國朝五禮儀)": Napchae(納采), Nappye(納幣), Chinyeong(親迎), Dongroe(同牢), Hyeongugo(見舅姑), Hyeonsadang(見祠堂), and Seojohyeon(壻朝見). But "Garyedeungrok" deals with the procedures of Gantaek(揀擇), Buma-guanrye(駙馬冠禮), and Seonon(宣醞), which are not included in "Gukjo-orye-ui", and also with the process of preparation for wedding items and the information of related people. However, it is hard to learn about its specific shapes and features because it is often restricted to lists such as a list of clothing. Collecting new materials and an in-depth and succeeding study are required in the future.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.254-262
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• 2012

The purposes of the research in related to FSC in JuJe experimental forests (JJEFs) is to make pre and post socio-economic comparisons and play an important role of FSC, and recognition change to FSC timbers and to make an analysis to consumers' needs. As the results of onsite survey in 2005, respondents show a high awareness of SFM and FSC in comparisons of 2004, and the JJEFs play a critical role to make SFM and FSC advertisement worldwide, such as consumers' satisfaction to SFM and FSC is high. Hence provision of JJEF information such as job creation and socio-economic impacts to stockholders could make their satisfaction improving. Most of respondents to the FSC of JJEF represent a positive rate while low awareness to FSC timber is represented. Therefore, necessary information about JJEF FSC with forest management, process and consumption pattern of FSC is required into citizens. The final results prove that FSC effects such as 1.3 billion won direct additional benefits in terms of socio-economic aspects including environmental benefits and job creation and economic effects are enough to offset 1.3 billion won additional costs.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.56-72
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• 2001

Community mental health management system emphasizing on the rehabilitation and the return to the community has been established and carried out for many years. The study has been demanded to prove that the decreasing rate of the recurrence of the mentally ill resulted to lower their medical costs, to enrich the quality of life, and to reduce the psychological burden of their family. This study tried to prove that the mental health services to the mentally ill which were registered in community mental health center of A city have an influence on the medical cost, the quality of their lives. the family burden. The subject group of this study were 39 home-based mentally ill patients and their 37 family members, totally 76 people registered in mental health center of A city and participated in its program. This research had been measured twice, the first before the intervention and the second after at least a year. The measuring tools in the research were the medical cost measurment tools developed by the researcher, the quality of life index by Yoo ja, Noh(1988) and the family burden by Montgonery(1985). The methods were modified and supplemented in this study. This research made use of SPSS Win 10.0. The results of this study are the same as followings. 1) There were the significant difference in the medical cost before and after the mental health service delivery. 2) The quality of lives of the mentally ill, after the mental health services delivered were significantly higher than before. 3) The family burden were significantly reduced after the delivery of community mental health services. Community mental health services brought out efficient results to the social return and rehabilitation. And these results means that the mentally ill changed highly the quality of life and their burden of family and medical cost were reduced. So the public organization and the private society should help positively the mentally ill and their family through mental health policy and social service agency to live healthy lives and to be valuable member of society.