• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2007

Purpose: Few studies have been done for spinal injuries after skiing and snowboarding accidents. Assuming that the riding patterns of skiing and snowboarding were different, we analyzed the differences between the mechanisms, diagnoses and levels of spinal injuries caused by them. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of spinal hazards associated with skiing and snowboarding in order to educate skiers and snowboarders. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 96 patients who had sustained spinal injuries as a result of skiing and snowboarding accidents from January 2003 to March 2006. We used a questionnaire, radiological studies, history taking, and physical examinations. We analyzed the mechanism of injury, the level of spinal injury, the severity of spinal injury, and the Abbreviated Injury Scale scores (AIS score). We used the t-test and the chi-square test. Results: The skiing and the snowboarding injury group included in 96 patients. The skiing injury group included 30 patients (31.2%), and the snowboarding injury group included the remaining 66 patients (69.8%). The primary mechanism of injury in skiing was collisions and in snowboarding was slip downs (p=0.508). The primary level of spinal injury in skiing and snowboarding was at the L-spine level (p=0.547). The most common athlete ability of the injured person was at the intermediate level (p=0.954). The injured were most commonly at the beginner or the intermediate level (p=0.302). The primary diagnosis of spinal injury in skiing and snowboarding was back spain (p=0.686). The AIS scores did not differed between the two groups (p=0.986). Conclusion: The most common spinal injury after skiing and snowboarding accidents was back sprain. There was no difference in the severity of spinal injury between skiing and snowboarding accidents.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1252-1263
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• 2011

This study examined the current state of snowboarding apparel. We investigated the preferred design, the required functions, and inconvenient factors in snowboard apparel through interviews with snowboard pro-players and questionnaires with functional apparel consumers. The research was conducted as follows. In order to raise problems through interviews with pro-snowboarders and grasp the individual traits of consumers, a survey was conducted with male and female consumers in their 20s-30s who enjoy snowboarding and those who had purchased specialized brand snowboarding apparel more than once. After the survey with consumers, this study set the classification standard for snowboard maniacs according to snowboarding frequency and classified the snowboarders into two groups. Both groups carry MP3 players most frequently in ordinary times and they preferred notable and brilliant colors and partially-used patterns (printed patterns). Through the investigation of the mobile functions that the snowboarders wanted for snowboarding apparel, it was found that the most preferred functions were those of listening to music and photo/video image-taking.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2016

Internet of Things (IoT) is widely used for biomechanics in sports activities and AHRS(Attitude and Heading Reference System) is a more cost effective solution than conventional high-grade IMUs (Inertial Measurement Units) that only integrate gyroscopes. In this paper, we attach the AHRS to the snowboard to measure the motion data like Air To Fakie, Caballerial and Free Style. In order to reduce the measurement error, we have adopted the sensors equipped with Kalman filtering and also used Euler angle to quaternion conversion to reduce the Gimbal-lock effect. We have tested and evaluated the accuracy and execution time of the pattern recognition algorithms like PCA, ICA, LDA, SVM to show the recognition possibility of it on the basic motions of Snowboarding from the 9-axis trajectory information which is gathered from AHRS sensor. With the result, PCA, ICA have low accuracy, but SVM have good accuracy to use for recognition of basic motions of Snowboarding.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2008

Purpose: Skiing and snowboarding are becoming increasingly popular. Accordingly, the incidences of injuries among skiers and snowboarders are also increasing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the injury patterns of and the contributing factors to head injuries of skiers and snowboarders and to evaluate the differences in characteristics between skiing and snowboarding head injuries. Methods: One-hundred patients who visited the emergency department of Wonju Christian Hospital between January 2005 and March 2007 due to head injuries from skiing and snowboarding were enrolled. The mechanisms and the histories of the injuries were investigated by surveying the patients, and the degrees of head injuries were estimated by using brain CT and the Glasgow Coma Scale. The degrees and the characteristics of brain injuries were also analyzed and compared between skiers and snowboarders. Results: Out of 100 patients, 39 were injured by skiing, and 61 were injured by snowboarding. The mean age of the skiers was $26.7{\pm}10.0$, and that of the snowboarders was $26.7{\pm}6.2$. The percentage of male skiers was 43.6%, and that of snowboarders was 63.9%. The most frequent initial chief complaints of head-injured skiers and snowboarders were headache and mental change. The most common mechanism of injuries was a slip down. The mean Abbreviated Injury Scale Score (AIS score) of the skier group was $4.5{\pm}2.1$ and that of the snowboarder group was $5.9{\pm}5.0$ (p=0.222). The percentage of helmet users was 7.1% among skiers and 20.8% among snowboarders (p=0.346). Head injuries were composed of cerebral concussion (92.0%) and intracranial hemorrhage (8.0%). Intracranial hemorrhage was most frequently caused by falling down (62.5%). Conclusion: The most common type of head injury to skiers and snowboarders was cerebral concussion, and severe damage was usually caused by jumping and falling down. No differences in the characteristics of the head injuries existed between skiing and snowboarding injuries.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.497-508
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• 2019

Snowboarder accidents at ski resorts are increasing; therefore, it is essential to wear protective wrist, hip and knee protectors when snowboarding. However, most studies focus on the improvement of gear or expansion of safety facilities with few studies on protectors that directly safeguard the body from accidents caused by tumbling. Protectors currently on the market do not properly consider the needs of the users. Therefore, this study investigates the reality of usage and satisfaction rate of those that use snowboarding protectors along with factors deemed important upon wearing them to provide the grounds for the development of comfortable protectors. Subjects were 1,058 adults in their 20s to 40s. First, a survey was conducted regarding demographic traits as well as the wearing and purchasing of protectors. Second, 325 people that purchased and wore protectors were investigated in regards to the wearing satisfaction rate of current commercial protectors. The results showed that 86% of the 1,058 subjects wore protectors; knee protectors (72%), hip protectors (57%) and wrist protectors (38%). Important factors upon purchasing and wearing satisfaction were studied according to demographic traits, snowboarding experience, and number of snowboard rides for one season. As a result, the damage rate increased along with the number of snowboard rides for one season. Important factors considered when purchasing varied significantly according to sex, age, snowboarding experience, and favored slopes. The results of this study will help in the design of comfortable protectors for snowboarders.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics and severity of wrist injuries in snowboarding. Methods: December 2005 to February 2008, Snowboarders who experienced wrist injures were included in this study. On the basis of the medical records and radiographic evaluation, the severity of distal radius fracture was classified according to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen/Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF) classification. Results: Most of the injured snowboarders were a either of the beginner (35 cases, 46.1%) or the intermediate (27 cases, 35.5%) level. The most common cause of injury in snowboarding was a slip down (60 cases, 78.9%). Comminuted and articular fractures classified as AO types A3, B, and C, which required surgical reduction, made up 42.3% of the distal radial fractures in snowboarders. When we analyzed the differences in severity between the educated and the non-educated groups, an A2 type injury in the AO classification was the most common type of injury in the educated group (20 cases, 38.5%), it means less severe fractures ocurred in the educated group (p=0.045). The most frequent injury mechanism of fractures was slip down (48 cases, 63.2%), and a slip down backwards was the dominant type of slip down (36 cases, 75.0%) (p=0.031). Conclusion: Among the snowboarders in this study who suffered self-down injury to the wrist, more fractures were associated with a backwards slip down than with a forward slip down due to over extension. For educated snowboarders the severity of fracture was lower than it was for uneducated snowboarders.

• 대한정형외과스포츠의학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.22-24
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• 2004

Snowboarding has become one of the premier alpine sports. The past decade has seen the popularity of snowboarding increase dramatically and the recent Winter Olympic Game showcased the strong visual appeal of the sport and the youth-oriented lifestyle and culture that accompanies it. The injury profile of the sport has also undergone change along with technological advances in boot and binding systems and the changing demographics of the sports participants. Central to the development of injury-prevention strategies is knowledge of the profile of injuries that occur, understanding those who are at particular risk and, if possible, the biomechanical factors involved in each injury type. Snowboarding was initially considered a dangerous, uncontrolled, alpine sport - an opinion based on little or no scientific evidence. That evidence has rapidly grown over the past decade and we now know that snowboard injury rates are no different to those in skiing; however, the injury profile is different. The purpose of this review is to give some perspective to the current snowboard injury literature. It discusses not only the demographic profile of those injured and the type of injuries that occur, but also gives some insight into the progress that has occurred in determining the impact of specific prevention strategies, such as splints to prevent injuries to the wrist/forearm. As the literature indicates, however, some things will not change, e.g. injuries are more likely to occur in beginners and lessons need to be reinforced as a fundamental aspect of any injury-prevention strategy.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 키넥트 센서에 의해 획득한 스켈레톤 정보를 이용하여 스노보드 동작을 시각화 할 수 있는 도구를 제안한다. 스노보드 동작에서 가장 기본이 되는 동작은 BBP(Balanced Body Position)자세로서 안정된 턴 동작을 위한 기본 기술이다. 본 논문에서는 BBP자세를 분석하여 가장 이상적인 동작을 실현할 수 있는 시각화 도구를 구현한다. 키넥트 센서로 부터 획득한 좌표정보를 이용하여 발목, 무릎, 엉덩이 관절의 각도와 몸의 중심축을 추적하여 표준 자세와 비교분석한다. 분석결과는 OpenGL 라이브러리를 통하여 최종 결과 화면을 구성하였다. 본 연구결과는 스노보드 턴 동작을 분석하는 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2024

본 연구는 2018년부터 2023년까지 약 5년간 2018평창동계올림픽 이후 스노보드와 관련된 국내 KCI 등재지에서 발행된 국내 선행문헌 21편을 연구대상으로 선정하여 특성, 참여형태, 연구분과, 연구방법에 대해 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별에서는 남성 및 남성과 여성을 대상으로 한 논문이 대부분을 차지하였으며 연령은 20~50대까지 다양하게 분포되었다. 피험자 수의 경우 50명 미만의 논문이 대부분을 차지하였다. 둘째, 참여형태에서는 등록선수와 스키장 이용객이 대부분을 차지하였으며 유소년 선수, 지도자, 심사위원 순으로 논문이 형성되었다. 셋째, 연구방법에 대해서는 양적연구와 실험연구가 대부분이었으며 질적연구와 통합연구 순으로 분석되었다. 넷째, 연구분과로는 스포츠 사회학, 운동역학이 주를 이루었으며 스포츠 심리학, 운동생리학, 스포츠 측정평가, 스포츠 경영학, 체육사학 순으로 분석되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.510-516
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 사용자의 동작을 측정하고 물리적인 변화를 사용자에게 느끼게 하여 실제 스노우보드를 즐기는 것 같은 스노우보드 시뮬레이터를 개발하였다. 스노우보드는 사용자의 무게중심에 따라 속도와 방향이 결정된다. 개발된 시뮬레이터는 스노우보드 플레이트에 4개의 스프링을 장착하여 사용자의 무게 중심의 변화에 따라 기울기를 변화시켜 스노우보드의 기울기 변화를 직접 느낄 수 있게 하였다. 사용자의 무게중심의 변화에 따른 기울기는 3축 가속도센서를 사용하여 측정하였다. 스노우보드의 회전에 따라 발생하는 슬로프의 마찰을 BLDC 모터를 사용하여 사용자가 느낄 수 있도록 하였고, 스노우보드의 회전은 홀센서를 사용하여 측정하였다. 시뮬레이터의 빠른 데이터 처리를 위해 두 개의 MCU를 사용하여 가속도 센서와 모터를 별도로 사용하여 측정된 데이터를 PC로 전송하였다. 개발된 시뮬레이터는 슬로프의 경사 및 마찰을 직접 경험할 수 있으며, 측정된 데이터와 HMD를 착용하여 보다 현실감이 있는 스노우보드를 즐길 수 있도록 하였다.