• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.177-193
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• 1998

It was the study on moxibustion-theraphy of Febrile-Disease to use clinical basic material date by the classic Literature, As a result The results were summerised as follows: 1. Principle of moxibustion-theraphy on fever of excess type is 'conducting heat with heat, (heat) had heat go out'. 2. Principle of moxibustion-theraphy on fever of defficiency type is 'Yin grows while yang is generating'. 3. The study on moxibustion-theraphy of Febrile - Disease is enable to use general term for manic-depressive psychosis, heat syndrome of febrile disease, heat (syndrome) of zang and fu(five solid organs and six hollow organs), jaundice, diabetes, hectic fever(due to yin-deficiency) etc. of medcine-disease. 4. The study on moxibustion-theraphy of Febrile-Disease is enable to using carbuncle, cellulitis, phlegmon, urticaria, disease due to noxious agents produced by various parasites, bite by dog, bite by snake etc. of surgical-disease. 5. The study on moxibustion-theraphy of Febrile-Disease is enable to using seven orfices of conjunctival congestion, blepharitis etc, of E.E.N.T-disease. 6. The study on moxibustion-theraphy of Febrile-Disease is enable to using epilepsy, infantile convulsion etc. of infantile-disease.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.81.1-81.10
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• 2022

Background: Snakebites remain a devastating and life-threatening environmental hazard. While the management of snakebites has been well described in humans, few clinical data and guidelines exist for dogs, especially in Korea. Objectives: This retrospective study evaluated the clinical features of 70 dogs with snakebite wounds in Korea. Methods: The medical records of 72 dogs that presented to three animal hospitals from June 2008 to July 2021 were reviewed; among these, 70 dogs that met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Their signalment, history, clinical signs, physical examination, blood analysis, treatment, and prognosis were also evaluated. Results: Of 70 dog owners, 35 (50%) witnessed the bite, with a mean time between bite and hospital presentation of 9.7 ± 4.1 h in 58 dogs. Blood smears were evaluated in 45 dogs, of which 28 (62%) showed echinocytosis. Anemia and acute kidney injury were found in 21 (29%) and 2 dogs (3%), respectively. A total of 37 dogs (53%) were hospitalized, 5 (7%) of which died. Conclusions: The most significant finding was the high prevalence of echinocytosis. The data from this retrospective study could inform the management of dogs bitten by snakes in Korea.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to identify the contents, frequency of use, and the rationales of folk remedies frequently used for first aid at home for stomachache, vomiting, strain, food poisoning, vaginal bleeding, or wounds of snake or dog bite, or bee sting. As the method of the study, data were collected by conducting a questionnaire of 185 persons, who filled it out or who were interviewed from May to August in 1998. The collected data was analyzed by using frequency and the rationales for the contents of the folk remedies were described base on literatures. The results were as follows,. 1. The folk remedies for stomachache in frequency order were 'warming the abdomen', 'rubbing the abdomen with a hand', or 'pricking a finger to bleed', which have the rationals. 2. The folk remedies for vomiting in frequency order are 'drinking water of watery radish' and 'pricking a finger to bleed', which have the rationales. 3. The folk remedies for strain in frequency order are 'soaking the affected area into cold water or applying an ice pack' and 'after soaking jasmine in water, making a dough with flour, and then attaching it on the affected area', which have the rationales, Additionally, although the frequencies are low, 'drinking brewed Achyranthis Radix' and 'applying brewed leaves and stalks of Sambuci Cortex' have the rationales. 4. The folk remedies for food poisoning in frequency order are 'drinking black beans and licorice brewed together' and 'eating mung beans', which have the scientific grounds. 5. The folk remedies for bloody discharge in frequency order are 'drinking brewed lotus root' and 'eating boiled chicken stuffed with root of bell-flower'. However, 'drinking brewed Thujae orientalis Folium' has the rationales. 6. The folk remedy for snake bite wounds that has the scientific grounds is 'sucking blood by a person without hurt in the mouth'. However, quite a lot of people apply alum or soy paste, which has no rationales. 7. The folk remedies for the bee sting in frequency order are 'after removing the sting, applying soy paste or sauce' and 'applying saliva'. No rationales for 'applying saliva' have been found. 8. The folk remedy for the dog bite wound that has the rationales is 'applying juice of leaves or stalks of Xanthii Fructus'. However, 85% of surveyed people use remedies that have no scientific grounds, such as 'applying burnt dog hair mixed with (sesame) oil' and 'applying soy paste or sauce'. Various materials are used in folk remedies for first aid treatment as shown above. Some of the folk remedies have the rationales since their medicinal actions have been found. However, the medicinal actions of the majority have not been found, but only known that they are effective, Especially for the materials except botanical drugs, they are used without knowing the effects since their components and pharmacognosies have not been described in any literature. The results of this research may be used for materials to educate the surveyed people or to consult them. Accordingly, the folk remedies that have the rationales are required to continue to study to find out the effects.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2022

Purpose: Despite previous studies reporting the development of rhabdomyolysis (RM), this affliction tends to be neglected as an envenomation sign in South Korea. The current retrospective study investigates the prevalence and prognosis of RM after a snakebite. We further searched for predictors of snakebite-induced RM, which can be observed at presentation. Methods: This study included 231 patients who presented to the ED within 24 hours after a snakebite. The patients were classified according to the severity of RM, and the data, comprising baseline characteristics and clinical course including the level of creatine kinase (CK), were collected and compared according to the severity of RM. Results: The prevalence of RM and severe RM were determined to be 39% and 18.5%, respectively. Compared to the group without RM or with mild RM, the group with severe RM had a higher grade of local swelling, a higher frequency of acute kidney injury and neurotoxicity, and a greater need for renal replacement therapy and vasopressor administration. However, the incidence of acute renal injury in the RM group was 7.7%, with two patients needing renal replacement therapy. No mortalities were reported at discharge. Results of the multinomial logistic regression model revealed that the WBC levels are significantly associated with the risk of severe RM. Conclusion: RM should be considered the primary clinical sign of snake envenomation in South Korea, although it does not seem to worsen the clinical course. In particular, physicians should pay attention to patients who present with leukocytosis after a snakebite, which indicates the risk of developing RM, regardless of the CK level at presentation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2007

Chinese crude drug "Lu-ti-cao"(鹿蹄草) has been used as a remedy for beriberi, cut bleeding, snake bite, etc. In Korea, the drug is called "Nok Je Cho" and has been used as a folk medicine of the same effect as that of Chinese equivalent. The original plant of this drug has not yet been as certained. To clarify the botanical origin of "Nok Je Cho", the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the leaves of Pyrola species growing in Korea, i.e. P. incarnata, P. japonica, P. minor, P. renifolia, P. secunda were studied. As a result, it was clarified that "Nok Je Cho" was the leaf of Pyrola japonica and Pyrola minor.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.124-130
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• 1997

Korean folk medicine 'O-I-Pul' has been used to cure arthritis, neuralgia, leucorrhea, snake-bite, vomiting and diarrhea. With regard to the botanical origin of O-I-Pul, it has been considered to be Sanguisorba species of Rosaceae, but there has no pharmacognostical confirmation on it. Morphological and anatomical examination of Sanguisorba leaves show that 'O-I-Pul' was the leaves of S. Officinalis and S. tenuifolia var. alba.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.221-226
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• 2008

The bark of Careya arborea Roxb. (Barringtoniacae) is used against various disorders in Indian systems of medicine, namely astringent, anthelmintic, in tumors, dyspepsia, colic, bronchitis, urinary discharges, piles, lecucoderma, skin diseases, epileptic fits, diarrhoea. The juice of the fresh bark with honey is given as a demulcent in coughs and colds, infusion of the fresh bark is used to treat snake bite by applying to the bitten part and also taken internally. The present communication deals with the detailed pharmacognostical evaluation of the bark sample using light and confocal microscopy, WHO recommended physico-chemical determinations and authentic phytochemical procedures. The physico-chemical, morphological and histological parameters presented in this paper may be proposed as parameters to establish the authenticity of C. arborea bark and may possibly help to differentiate the drug from its other allied species.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.374.2-374.2
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• 2002

Siegesbeckia pubesence (Cempesitae). a perenial herb, is widely distributed in our country and has been used for rheumaic arthritis, hypertension, malaria. neurasthnia and snake-bite in traditional Chinese medicine. On reviewing the literatures of this plant. diterpenoids and alkaloids were isolated and some pharmacological activities were investigated. As part of our systematic study fer Korean Compositae plants, we have investigated Siegesbeckia pubesence (7kg), cellected from Mt. Odae on Aug. 2001. (omitted)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2022

Purpose: This study utilizes the NEDIS (National Emergency Department Information System) database to suggest a predictive model for snakebite and envenomation in Korea by analyzing the geographical distribution and seasonal variation of snakebite patients visiting the ER. Methods: This was a retrospective study on snakebite patients visiting the ER using the NEDIS database from January 2014 to December 2019. The subjects include patients with the KCD (Korea Standard Classification of Disease) disease code T63.0 (Toxic effect of contact with snake venom). Geographical location, patient gender, patient age, date of ER visit, treatment during the ER stay, and disposition were recorded to analyze the geographical distribution and seasonal variation of snakebite patients in Korea. Results: A total of 12,521 patients were evaluated in this study (7,170 males, 54.9%; 5,351 females, 40.9%). The average age was 58.5±17.5 years. In all, 7,644 patients were admitted with an average admission time of 5.04±4.7 days, and 2 patients expired while admitted. The geographical distribution was Gyeongsang 3,370 (26.9%), Cheonra 2,692 (21.5%), Chungcheong 2,667 (21.3%), Seoul Capital area 1,999 (16.0%), Kangwon 1,457 (11.6%), and Jeju 336 (2.7%). The seasonal variation showed insignificant incidences in winter and higher severity in spring and summer than in fall: winter 27 (0.2%), spring 2,268 (18.1%), summer 6,847 (54.7%), and fall 3,380 (27.0%). Conclusion: Patients presenting with snakebites and envenomation in the emergency room were most common in the Gyeongsang area and during summer. The simple seasonal model predicted that 436 snakebites and 438 envenomation cases occurred in July and August. The results of this study can be applied to suitably distribute and stock antivenom. Appropriate policies can be formed to care for snakebite patients in Korea.

• CELLMED
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.30.1-30.4
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• 2020

Background: Tiryaq-e-arba is a polyherbal Unani antidote/antivenom formulation used in the management of poisoning due to snake bite, scorpion bite as well as in cold poisons since time immemorial. Objectives: Tiryaq-e-arba was not evaluated scientifically before this study carried out, therefore it was studied for antivenom activity by testing on plasma fibrinogen level in Russell's Viper envenomation in rabbits. Material &Methods: The anti-venom activity of the test drug was studied by observing its effect on plasma fibrinogen level in Russell's Viper envenomation in rabbits by the method of Netelson. Results: The plasma fibrinogen level was found to be 171±665.04 mg/100 ml of blood, 36.18±1.12 mg/100 ml of blood, 33.14±0.52 mg/100 ml of blood and 17.9±1.65 mg/100 ml of blood at 0, 1, 3 and 6 hours respectively in control animals while in the test animal it was found to be 157.13±3.44 mg/100 ml of blood, 41.13±2.69 mg/100 ml of blood, 62.09±1.65 mg/100 ml of blood and 54.39±0.73 mg/100 ml of blood respectively. The test showed that though the plasma fibrinogen level in the test lower at 0 hour but it was greater in the control animals at 1, 3 and 6 hours. The increase in plasma fibrinogen level in the test animals at 3 and 6 hours was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusions: The finding of the present study was that Tiryaq-e-arba possesses antivenom activity which scientifically support the Unani claim that it is Dafe-Sumoom-al-Hevan (Antivenom or Antidote) and the use of this preparation in corresponding diseases.