• Applied Microscopy
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• v.49
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• pp.1.1-1.10
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• 2019

Joints of three-dimensional (3D) rutile-type (r) tin dioxide ($SnO_2$) nanowire networks, produced by the flame transport synthesis (FTS), are formed by coherent twin boundaries at $(101)^r$ serving for the interpenetration of the nanowires. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods, i.e. high resolution and (precession) electron diffraction (PED), were utilized to collect information of the atomic interface structure along the edge-on zone axes $[010]^r$, $[111]^r$ and superposition directions $[001]^r$, $[101]^r$. A model of the twin boundary is generated by a supercell approach, serving as base for simulations of all given real and reciprocal space data as for the elaboration of three-dimensional, i.e. relrod and higher order Laue zones (HOLZ), contributions to the intensity distribution of PED patterns. Confirmed by the comparison of simulated and experimental findings, details of the structural distortion at the twin boundary can be demonstrated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.339-339
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• 2013

We study on the optical and electrical properties of indium-free ZTO(ZnSnO)/Ag/ZTO (ZAZ) multilayer electrodes for the low-cost transparent electrode. In the first step, each single layer was deposited using rf magnetron in-line sputter with various working pressure based on $O_2$/$Ar+O_2$ ratio (0~3%) and power at room temperature. Secondly, we studied the optical and electrical properties by analyzing the refractive index, extinction coefficient, transmittance and resistivity of each layer. Finally, we optimized the thickness of each layer using macleod simulation program based on the analyzed optical properties and fabricated the multilayer electrode. As a result, We achieved a low sheet resistance of $11{\Omega}$/sq and anaverage transmittance of 80% in the visible region of light (380~780 nm). This indicates that indium-free ZAZ multilayer electrode is a promising low-cost and low-temperature processing electrode scheme.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.07b
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• pp.874-877
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• 2004

We carried out this subject to observe electrochemical properties of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine(DOPC) mixed with fatty acid containing azobenzene group by using cyclic voltammetry with a three-electrode system, An Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a platinum wire counter electrode and LB film-coated ITO working electrode in $NaClO_4$ solution. We investigated the photoisomerization and electrochemical property of the organic ultra thin film of fatty acid containing azobenzene was prepared on the hydrophilic ITO(idium tin oxide) glass plate by LB method. As a result, the absorption spectra of BASH and DOPC of mixture LB films was induced to photoisomerization by alternating irradiation of ultraviolet and visible light. A measuring range was reduced from initial potential to -1350mV, continuously oxidized to 1650 mV and measured to the initial point. The scan rate were 50, 100, 150 and 200 mV/s. As a results, LB films of BASH-DMPC appeared reversible process caused by the reduction-oxidation current from the cyclic voltammogram.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.179-183
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• 2006

As a material for SFCL(Superconducting Fault Current Limiter), BSCCO tube with metal stabilizer is a promising candidate, assuring the stability and large power capacity, For the application, the proper soldering technique, which overcome the difficulties of the joining between BSCCO and metal stabilizer, is required. In this study, after soldering In-Bi solder and In-Sn solder with BSCCO superconductor, welding properties between BSCCO and solders were investigated. Because ceramic materials is difficult to weld, Ag electro-plating on BSCCO 2212 is used for intermetallic layer. To find out the best welding condition for superconductor, soldering is tested in the maximum temperature from $155^{\circ}C\;to\;165^{\circ}C$ in the reflow oven. By investigating the composition and thickness of IMC (lntermetallic Compound) created in the reaction of Ag with solder, we analyzed the welding properties of High-Tc superconductor from a micro point of view.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.287-306
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• 1992

The amounts of copper, mercury, silver, tin, and zinc released from conventional, dispersed phase and spherical high copper content amalgam immersed in artificial saliva soln. for periods of 2 hours, 1 day, 7 days, 30 days has been measured using Neutron Activation analysis and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The second electron image and EDX of the surface of samples immersed in artificial saliva were observed using SEM. The following results were obtained. 1. The dispersed non-$\gamma_2$ amalgam released more Hg, Ag than the $\gamma_2$-amalgams. Later a decrease of the release rate could be observed. 2. The dispersed high copper amalgam released more copper than low-copper amalgam and the release rate was decreased with time. But the amounts of copper released from Tytin increased with time. 3. Zinc was released all the experiment time. 4. EDAX showed that surface was composed of Ca,P, Sn, Ag, Zn, and Cu, but C1 was not detected. 5. The discontinued destructed surface was observed from the polished amalgam surface. High copper amalgam was destructed more than low copper amalgam.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.213-232
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• 2021

Ore criteria at the Sheba Deposit indicate orogenic mineralization type. Rocks and mineral assemblages suggest low formation-temperature of green-schist facies. Pyrite found in two generations; Type1 is irregular grains, contains higher arsenic and gold contents, compared to the relatively younger phase Type2 pyrite, which is composed of euhedral grains, found adjacent to late quartz-carbonate veins or at rims of type1 pyrite. Two gold generations were identified; type1 found included in sulphides (mainly pyrite). The second gold type was remobilized (secondary) into free-lodes within silicates (mainly quartz). Gold fineness is high, as gold contains up to 95 wt. % Au, Ag up to 3.5 wt. %, and traces of Cu, Ni, and Fe. Pyrite type2 contains tiny mineral domains (rich in Al, Mn, Hg, Se, Ti, V, and Cr). Zoning, and replacement textures are common, suggesting multiple mineralization stages. The distribution and relationships of trace elements in pyrite type2 indicate three formation patterns: (1) Al, Mn, Hg, Se, Ti, V, Cr, and Sn are homogeneously distributed in pyrite, reflecting a synchronous formation. (2) As, Ni, Co, Zn, and Sb display heterogeneous distribution pattern in pyrite, which may indicate post-formation existence due to other activities. (3) Au and Ag show both distribution patterns within pyrite, suggesting that gold is found both in microscopic phases and as chemically bounded phase.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.555-566
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• 1987

Fifty ancient Korean coins originated in Yi Dynasty have been determined for 9 elements such as Sn, Fe, As, Ag, Co, Sb, Ir, Ru and Ni by instrumental neutron activation analysis and for 3 elements such as Cu, Pb, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrometry. Bronze coins originated in early days of the dynasty contain as major constituents Cu, Pb and Sn approximately in the ratio 90 : 4 : 3, whereas, those in latter days contain in ratio 7 : 2 : 0. Brass coins which had begun in 17 century contain as major constituents Cu, Zn and Pb approximately in the ratio 7 : 1 : 1. The multivariate data have been analyzed for the relation among elemental contents through the variance-covariance matrix. The data have been further analyzed by a principal component mapping method. As the results training set of 8 class have been chosen, based on the spread of sample points in an eigen vector plot and archaeological data such as age and the office of minting. The training set and test set of samples have finally been analyzed for the assignment to certain classes or outliers through the statistical isolinear multiple component analysis (SIMCA).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.1 s.76
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• pp.8-16
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• 1996

The ${\alpha}-amylase$ of Alternaria alternata was purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. One single band was obtained in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH for enzyme activity was 5.0 and the enzyme activity was maintained at $3.6{\sim}7.0$pH range. The optimum temperature for ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity was $40^{\circ}C$ and 71% of the activity was still maintained until 30 min after heating at $80^{\circ}C$. The ${\alpha}-amylase$ was slightly activated by $Mn^{2+},\;Zn^{2+}\;and\;Sn^{2+}$, but inhibited by $Ba^{2+},\;Pb^{2+},\;Co^{2+}\;and\;Ag^{1+}$. The $Hg^{2+}\;and\;Ag^{2+}$ slightly inhibited the activity of the enzyme at concentrations of $10^{-3}\;and\;10^{-4}M$. The Michaelis constant $(K_m)$ to soluble starch was $6.50{\times}10^{-2}M$ and inhibition constant $(K_i)$ by the 1mM EDTA was $8.0{\times}10^{-2}M$. The inhibition of this enzyme by EDTA was competitive one.

• Korean Journal of Dental Materials
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 2015

Hardening mechanism associated with post-firing heat treatment of softening heat treated and then firing simulated Pd-Ag-Au alloy for bonding porcelain was examined by observing the change in hardness, crystal structure and microstructure. By post-firing heat treatment of as-cast, solution treated and pre-firing heat treated specimens at $650^{\circ}C$ after casting, the hardness value increased within 10 minutes. Then, hardness consistently increased until 30 minutes, and gap of hardness value among the specimens was reduced. The increase in hardness after post-firing heat treatment was caused by grain interior precipitation in the matrix. The softening heat treatment did not affect the increase in hardness by post-firing heat treatment. The precipitated phase from the parent Pd-Ag-Au-rich ${\alpha}$ phase with face-centered cubic structure by post-firing heat treatment was $Pd_3$(Sn, In) phase with face-centered tetragonal structure, which has lattice parameters of $a_{200}=4.0907{\AA}$, $c_{002}=3.745{\AA}$. From above results, appropriate post-firing heat treatment in order to support the hardness of Pd-Ag-Au metal substructure was expected to bring positive effects to durability of the prosthesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.81-81
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• 2018

Bi-Te계 열전소자는 상온에서의 열전 효율이 우수하기 때문에 항공, 컴퓨터 등의 열전발전 또는 열전냉각 모듈에 널리 사용된다. 이 열전소자를 활용한 열전모듈은 다수의 n형 및 p형 열전소자가 세라믹 위에 형성된 Cu 전극에 전기적으로 직렬이 되도록 서로 솔더링 접합이 되어 있는 구조를 가지고 있다. 이처럼 직렬 연결된 방식에서는 높은 접합강도를 필요로 한다. 열전모듈 제작 시 Bi-Te 계 소자를 바로 Cu 기판에 접합시키면 솔더에 들어있는 Sn과 기판의 Cu가 접합하는 과정에서 소재 내로 확산하여 접합강도를 저하시킨다. 이러한 열전모듈의 접합강도 저하를 막기 위해 무전해 Ni-W-P 도금층을 확산 방지층으로 적용하였다. 본 연구에서는 Ni-W-P 도금이 Bi-Te 계 열전 모듈의 접합강도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서는 Bi-Te계 열전소자에 양호한 밀착성을 가지는 Ni-W-P 도금층을 형성시키기 위해서 알루미나 분말을 이용한 sand-blasting 방법을 사용하여 Bi-Te 소재 표면에 분사하는 방법으로 표면을 거칠게 하였다. 그 후 무전해 Ni-W-P 도금을 $85^{\circ}C$에서 20분간 실시하여 약 4um의 Ni-W-P 도금층을 형성시켰다. 열전 모듈은 Sn-Ag-Cu 솔더를 사용하여 제작하였으며 접합강도는 Bonding tester를 사용하여 측정하였다. 제작한 열전 모듈의 단면 및 파단면 관찰을 통하여 접합강도가 변하는 요인을 조사하였다. 제작한 열전 모듈의 단면을 FE-EPMA로 관찰한 결과 Ni-W-P 도금층이 Bi-Te 소자와 Sn과 Cu사이의 확산을 방지하는 확산방지층 역할을 하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 열처리 전 열전모듈과 200도, 150시간 열처리 후 접합강도를 각각 측정해 본 결과, 열처리 후의 접합강도가 상승하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 따라서 Bi-Te계 열전모듈 제작에 무전해 Ni-W-P 도금층을 형성시키므로 인해 확산방지층의 생성과 접합강도의 상승에 도움을 주었다.