• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.425-435
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• 1989

The solitary pulmonary nodule is considered as a round or ovoid lesion with sharp, circumscribed borders, surrounded by normal appearing lung parenchyme on all sides, and found on a simple chest X-ray without any particular symptoms or signs. There is a wide spectrum of pathologic conditions in the solitary pulmonary nodules prove to be malignant tumors, either primary or metastatic. Most Benign granulomas and other benign conditions can also be seen as solitary nodules. The resection of solitary malignant nodules results in a surprisingly high 5-year survival rate. On the contrary, most benign nodules do not need to be resected and a period of prolonged observation and nonsurgical management is usually indicated. Therefore, the best approach to the controversial management of solitary pulmonary nodules depends on finding factors affecting the probability of malignancy. In this article, clinical records and chest roentgenographies of 60 patients operated on over the past 8 years at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital were reviewed. There were 15 malignant nodules and 45 benign nodules and the prevalence of malignancy was 25%. The most common pathologic entity was tuberculoma [21 cases]. The mean age was 55.5*9.6 years in the malignant group, 45.8>12.5 years in the benign group and there was a significant statistical difference between the two groups [P < 0.05]. The malignant ratio in each age group increased with advancing age. The average smoking amount was 35.6*12.9 cigarettes per day in malignant smokers, 20.9* 12.0 cigarettes per day in benign smokers, and there was a significant statistical difference between the two groups [p< 0.05]. The malignant ratio also increased with the increasing smoking amount. Comparing the appearance of the nodule on chest films, 6 calcifications and 7 cavitations were found only in benign nodules, not in malignant nodules. Therefore, calcification and cavitation can be considered as preferential findings for benignity. Previous cancer history was also a significant factor deciding the prognosis of the nodule [p< 0.05]. The average diameter on chest X-ray was 3.07*0.82 cm in malignant nodules, 3.25*1.04 cm in benign nodules and there was no significant statistical difference between the two groups [p< 0.05]. The author used Bayes theorem to develop a simple method for combining individual clinical or radiological factors of patients with solitary nodules into an overall estimate of the probability that the nodule is malignant. In conclusion, patient age, smoking amount, appearance of nodule on chest film such as calcification and cavitation, and previous cancer history were found to be strongly associated with malignancy, but size of nodule was not associated with malignancy. Since these prognostic factors have been found retrospectively, prospective controlled studies are needed to determine whether these factors have really prognostic significance.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.549-565
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• 2000

Comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to determine 1) selected risk factors and its impact that affect pregnancy outcome such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and substance abuse 2) these factors can facilitate future strategies for health promotion and prevention for both pregnant women and fetus. Review of literature were extracted from searching MEDLINE(1966 - Oct. 2000). CINAHL (1982 - Oct. 2000) and the domestic literature. The following factors were identified: 1. The effects of risk behaviors on pregnancy. ${\cdot}$Maternal smoking was associated with the occurrence of premature or LBW delivery, fetal growth retardation, extremities defects, heart defects and sudden infant death syndrome. ${\cdot}$Maternal alcohol consumption was associated with spontaneous abortion, premature or LBW delivery, morphologic/neurologic problems, especially fetal alcohol syndrome. ${\cdot}$Heroin was associated with withdrawal after birth in which were born to heroine addicts for gestational age and lung maturation in animal studies. ${\cdot}$Cocaine was associated with spontaneous abortion, abruptio placenta and a poor response to environmental stimuli. ${\cdot}$So far, the effects of caffeine on pregnancy was controversial, but severe caffeine consumption was associated with premature or LBW delivery, spontaneous abortion, still birth and dystocia. 2. Intervention methods and its effects identified were as follows ${\cdot}$Conducted intervention for smoking, alcohol and drug consumption were single or combined. ${\cdot}$Intervention methods were counseling, phone contact, mailing, use of educational videotape, booklet, support person and alternatives such as nicotine patch. ${\cdot}$The interventions increased the rates of smoking cessation during pregnancy and awareness of the risk of drug consumption, and decreased amount of alcohol consumption. ${\cdot}$The intervention outcome found positive effect on birth weight and length. 3. Our recommendations were as follows ${\cdot}$The personal and social cognition should be enhanced through education and the mass media. ${\cdot}$It's necessary to educate and give information of preconceptional care, planned pregnancy and early prenatal care for optimal pregnancy outcome. ${\cdot}$It's necessary to develop comprehensive assessment tool which is reliable and valid on smoking, alcohol consumption and substance abuse to identify supportive or interventional program.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2011

Background : Smoking reduces the ability of the lungs to function. In particular, smoking reduces the vital capacity of the lungs, which is the amount of air the lungs can take in. This reduction in vital capacity has several important health effects. Purpose : The purpose of this study, therefore was to examine the effects of the respiratory muscle exercise on peak expiratory flow and respiratory muscle strength. Methods : For an experimental research design, it was employed 20 young healthy subjects and these subjects were assigned into two groups; a smoking group(n=10) and an non-smoking group(n=10). All groups were participated in respiratory muscle exercises twice a week for 5 weeks in same condition. For comparison between before and after for post treatment, it was analysed as paired t-test and ANCOVA. Results : The result of this study were as follows; In the case of smoking group, there were significant differences, from $427.77{\pm}76.61$ l/min to $526.66{\pm}58.52$ l/min of peak respiratory flow, from $94.33{\pm}22.07$ kg to $102.16{\pm}21.60$ kg of abdominal muscle strength between the before and the after of respiratory muscle strength exercises. In the case of nonsmoking group, there were significant differences, from $449.54{\pm}77.47$ l/min to $553.18{\pm}61.32$ l/min of peak respiratory flow, from $93.41{\pm}19.21$ kg to $101.58{\pm}18.92$ kg of abdominal muscle strength between the before and the after of respiratory muscle strength exercises. Conclusion : These results were suggested that the peak respiratory flow and muscle strength were improved after respiratory muscle strength exercises.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.286-293
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• 2021

Objectives: Inorganic dust is known to be a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) regardless of smoking and pneumoconiosis. Adaptive and innate immunity, including lymphocyte infiltrate, are involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. The purpose of this study was to analyze the lymphocyte subsets in the blood of workers exposed to inorganic dust and confirm the influencing factors. Methods: The general characteristics of the subjects (n=107) were analyzed through a personal questionnaire. Diagnosis of COPD was established according to pulmonary function tests with FEV₁/FVC post bronchodilator lower than 70%, according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. For lymphocyte analysis, blood was stained with a fluorescent CD marker and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: The increase in CD4⁺ T lymphocytes was associated with a decrease in age (𝛽=-0.273, p=0.008) and an increase in the cumulative smoking amount (𝛽=0.205, p=0.034). The increase in NK cells was associated with an increase in age (𝛽=0.325, p=0.001) and a decrease in cumulative smoking (𝛽=-0.220, p=0.019). The period of exposure to dust, %FVC predicted and %FEV₁/FVC, and the relative population of peripheral blood lymphocytes did not show a statistically significant relationship. Conclusions: CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and CD56⁺CD16⁺ NK cells in peripheral blood were more related to age and cumulative smoking than the duration of dust exposure. Age and smoking are major risk factors for the development of COPD, so it can be predicted that peripheral blood CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and CD56⁺CD16⁺ NK cells are related to the development of COPD in workers exposed to inorganic dust.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.76-93
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• 2020

Purpose: In this study, the general characteristics of subjects who spent more than a certain amount of cost for general medical examination at the general hospital health promotion center, and the characteristics of disease, family history, and lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, physical activity, oral care) significantly differed in cost expenditure. We intend to provide basic data for establishing an appropriate marketing strategy for comprehensive examination. Method: It was conducted for users who received comprehensive checkups at a health promotion center at a general hospital in Seoul. The research data collection period is for 979 people who performed comprehensive examinations from January 2019 to December 2020. In order to carry out a comprehensive examination, a questionnaire before the examination was distributed to the subjects who visited the hospital to prepare, and the investigation was conducted in a way that the subjects of the investigation directly filled in. Results: There was a significant influence on the difference in expenditure for comprehensive examination according to the gender, age, and type of health insurance of the subject. In addition, there were significant differences in expenditure according to the presence or absence of disease and the type of family history. Weight loss, smoking history, smoking period, smoking frequency, drinking history, and drinking frequency all had significant effects on cost expenditure. Also, strength training and oral treatment management showed a significant effect on the cost of comprehensive examination. The number of flossing and interdental brushing was also found to have a significant effect. According to the results of multiple regression analysis, disease history (t=2.683, p<.01) and mean smoking frequency (t=4.315, p<.001) appeared to have the most significant effect on expenditure statistically. In other words, when the subject has a history of disease and when the average number of smoking is large, it means that the comprehensive examination cost is remarkably large. Conclusion: By using these contents, hospitals can further refine the marketing of the examination center. In addition, a more convenient and specialized process should be used by patients by linking the general medical department and the examination center well. In terms of management of operating medical institutions, this can be expected to create patients and increase profits.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.4425-4433
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• 2011

본 연구는 20~30대 초기 성인기 남성에서 체질량지수, 흡연량 및 음주량과 혈액검사치의 관련성을 알아보기 위하여 탐색적 후향 연구로 시도되었다. 연구대상자는 서울시내 일개 상급종합병원에서 2006년 10월부터 2011년 6월까지 임상시험 참여를 위해 일반건강검진을 받은 20~30대 남성 총 603명이었다. 연구결과 비만 그룹은 정상체중 그룹에 비해 적혈구수, 혈색소, 적혈구용적률, 중성지방, 요산, ALT가 유의하게 높았다. 흡연자는 비흡연자에 비해 백혈구수와 혈색소는 유의하게 높고 단백질은 유의하게 낮았으며, 10~19개비 흡연하는 사람은 비흡연자 및 10개비 미만 흡연자에 비해 혈소판은 유의하게 높고 알부민은 유의하게 낮았으며, 10~19개비 흡연하는 사람은 비흡연자에 비해 중성지방은 유의하게 높고 혈당은 유의하게 낮았다. 일일 10g 이상 음주자는 10g 미만 음주자 및 비음주자에 비해 AST와 ALT가 유의하게 높았다. 체질량지수는 적혈구수, 혈색소, 적혈구용적률, 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 혈당, 요산, AST, ALT 증가에 유의하게 영향을 미쳤으며, 흡연량은 백혈구수치, 혈색소, 적혈구용적률, 중성지방 증가에 유의하게 영향을 미쳤고, 혈당과 칼슘의 감소에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 음주량은 총콜레스테롤, AST, ALT 증가에 유의한 영향 요인이었으며, 백혈구수치 감소에 유의한 영향요인이었다. 결론적으로 20~30대 성인 남성의 혈색소, 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, ALT 등의 혈액검사결과와 체질량지수, 흡연 및 음주 간에 유의한 관련이 있으므로 생활습관성 질환을 예방하기 위하여 초기 성인기부터 비만 예방, 금연 및 과음을 방지하는 건강생활 실천 활동을 수행해야 할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2004

The quality of burley leaf tobacco was affected by various toasting conditions. In this study, we determined main factor to influence the quality of burley tobacco on toasting and established proper toasting condition to improve the quality of toasted tobacco. Our results indicated that the main factor to influence the quality of burley tobacco was the amount of treatment and 3rd drying zone temperature. We also found that the proper toasting conditions to improve the quality of toasted tobacco and reduce the smoking irritation were moisture content (34 %), amount of treatment (1,520kg/hr), 1st drying zone temperature (135$^{\circ}C$), 2nd zone drying temperature(145$^{\circ}C$) and 3rd zone drying temperature (147$^{\circ}C$).

• 한국가시화정보학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2023

Thrombogenesis, which is the process of blood clot formation, can be initiated by platelet activation. Excessive formation of blood clot in the bloodstream can lead to thrombosis. Therefore, when dealing with patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or children, it is necessary to use small amounts of blood. Hence, it is important to develop methods for the rapid and accurate measurement of the platelet function using a small amount of blood. In this study, 3D printing technology was utilized to facilitate the production of micro channels. The amount of platelet adhesion in smokers and non-smokers was compared by repeatedly exposing the structure of the channel to adjust the number of blood injections and facilitate thrombosis attachment to simple stenosis structures.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.521-530
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• 1994

연구 배경 : 국내의 비흡연 성인에서의 폐활량측정법 검사지표들의 추정정상치에 대한 연구는 대상수가 적거나 일부 검사지표들에 국한되어 보고되었고, 마성호흡기 증상이 없는 흡연자에서 흡연이 폐활량측정법 검사지표들에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 체계적인 연구는 없었다. 이에 저자들은 비흡연 성년 한국인에서 폐활량측정법 검사지표들의 추정정상치 산출공식을 구하고 호흡기 증상이 없는 흡연 남자 성인에서 과거 흡연량이 폐활량측정법 검사지표에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1990년 6월부터 1991년 12월까지 서울중앙병원 종합건강진단센터를 방문한 19,945명중, 호흡기 증상 및 호흡기질환력이 없고 흉부방사선촬영소견이 정상인 18세이상의 비흡연 여자 763명, 비흡연남자 308명과 흡연남자 353명을 대상으로 노력성 호기곡선을 이용한 폐활량측정법검사를 실시하였다. 폐활량측정법은 dry rolling seal 방식의 System 2130(Sensor Medics, USA)을 이용하여 미국 흉부학회 기준에 의거하여 실시하였으며, 성별에 따라 피검자의 연령, 신장 및 체중으로부터 다중회귀분석을 통해 폐활량측정법의 추정정상치 산출공석을 구하였고 흡연의 영향은 흡연량에 따라 10 pack-years 이상 84명, 10~20 pack-years 191명, 20 pack-years이상 108명 세군으로 나누어 각각을 가변수(dummy variable)로 처리한 후, 비흡연 남자군을 포함하여 다중회귀분석을 하여 p-value로써 평가하였다. 결과: 1) 주요 폐활량측정법 검사지표들의 연령, 신장 및 체중으로부터 구한 추정정상치 산출 공식은 Table 8, 9와 같다. 2) 폐활량측정법 검사지표들에 대한 흡연의 영향을 흡연남성군의 과거 흡연량에 따라 조사한 결과 10 pack-years 미만의 흡연은 영향이 없었고, 10~20 pack-years는 $FEV_1$/FVC와 $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}$에, 20 pack-years 이상의 흡연은 $FEV_1$과 $FEV_1$/FVC에 대해 유의한 역상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 1) 비흡연 성년 한국인에서 피검자들의 연령, 신장 및 체중으로부터 노력성호기곡선을 이용한 폐활량측정법 검사지표들의 추정정상치를 산출하는 회귀방정식을 구하였다. 2) 남녀 모두 연령과는 역상관관계를, 신장과는 정상관관계를 보였고 체중과도 상관관계를 보이는 검사지표도 있었으며, 특히 $FEV_1$/FVC(%)는 신장과는 상관관계를 보이지 않았으며 체중과 역상관관계를 보였다. 3) 본 연구에서 산출한 회귀방정식에 본대상군의 평균연령과 신장을 대입한 FVC 및 $FEV_1$의 추정정상치가 서양인에서의 공식에 대입한 경우보다 높은 수치를 보였다. 4) 폐활량측정법 검사지표에 대한 흡연의 영향을 무증상 흡연 남성군의 흡연력에 따라 분류조사한 결과 10 pack-year 미만의 흡연은 영향이 없었고, 10~20 pack-year의 흡연은 $FEV_1$/FVC 및 $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}$, $FEF_{25%}$, $FEF_{75%}$에 대해, 20 pack-year 이상의 흡연은 $FEV_1$ 및 $FEV_1/FEV$에 대해 유의한 역상관관계를 보였다. 5) 신장의 영향을 보정한 $FEV_1$($FEV_1$/height)은 남성 흡연군에서 연령에 따른 상기지표의 감소율이 남성 비흡연군보다 유의하게 높았다(P=0.0001).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.315-322
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• 1986

The food habits and health complaints were studied for 459 persons, 60 years and over, in the rural area, JKurye-Gun Chonnam, from April 28 to May 1, 1986. by the questionnaire sheets ; one was for the food habits, and the other was for health complaints(the standarized questionnair designed in Todai Health Index). The results obtained were as follows. 1) Mean score of the food habit was 11.2$\pm$3.5 in male and 10.8$\pm$2.9 in female. The score in both sexes showed a falling tendency as their ages increased. 2) THI scores in surfferings eye & skin, mouth & anus were higher (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01) in female than in male. As age increased, the THI score showed a rising tendency. In case of male, THI socre in digestive organs was higher (p<0.05) in sixties than in other age. 3) The rate of living together with their family or spouse in the male aged was 77% higher than in the female aged. whilte the rate of celibacy in the female aged was 28%, higher than 3% in the male aged. DMF value was higher in female than male. The amount of alcohol ingestion were 2.1 and 0.6 Cup in male and female, respectively and the amount of smoking were 10.5 and 3.1 cigarettes in male and female respectively. Both alcohol intake and smoking were higher in male(p<0.01) 4) In case of male, the correlation coefficient between the score of food habit and THI score was negative in suffering eye & skin, mouth & anus, respectively, and in female it was negative in digestive, mouth & anus. As the score of food habit become low, the THI score become high. 5) Those living alone in both sexes showed a low score in food habit.