• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.618-627
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• 2011

Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor for periodontaldiseases and implant treatments. Smoking control is regarded as a key to the success of dental treatments as well as the well-being of the patients. The aim of this study was to reviewthe effects of smoking on periodontal health, and the results of periodontal therapy and implant treatments. Also, in vitro, microbiological, immunological and epidemiological relationships were studied. In vitro studies show that smoking interferes with normal healing process and increased tissue destruction. There is still controversy on the population of microbes of smokers. Smokers showed significantly less gingival inflammation and bleeding on probing compared with non-smokers. After periodontal treatments, a compromised clinical outcome was noted for smokers in terms of pocket depth reduction and gain in attachment levels. In conclusion, data from in vitro, epidemiological, cross-sectional and case-control studies strongly suggest that quitting smoking is beneficial to patients before periodontal and implant treatments.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.127-153
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• 2009

There is a growing concern about potential harmful effect of second-hand or environmental tobacco smoking. As a result, smoking bans in workplace become more prevalent worldwide. In Korea, workplace smoking ban policy become more restrictive in 2003 when National health enhancing law was amended. The new law requires all office buildings larger than 3,000 square meters (multi-purpose buildings larger than 2,000 square meters) should be smoke free. Therefore, a lot of indoor office became non smoking area. Previous studies in other counties often found contradicting answers for the effects of workplace smoking ban on smoking behavior. In addition, there was no study in Korea yet that examines the causal impacts of smoking ban on smoking behavior. The situation in Korea might be different from other countries. Using 2001 and 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition surveys which are representative for population in Korea we try to examine the impacts of law change on current smoker and cigarettes smoked per day. The amended law impacted the whole country at the same time and there was a declining trend in smoking rate even before the legislation update. So, the challenge here is to tease out the true impact only. We compare indoor working occupations which are constrained by the law change with outdoor working occupations which are less impacted. Since the data has been collected before (2001) and after (2005) the law change for treated (indoor working occupations) and control (outdoor working occupations) groups we will use difference in difference method. We restrict our sample to working age (between 20 and 65) since these are the relevant population by the workplace smoking ban policy. We also restrict the sample to indoor occupations (executive or administrative and administrative support) and outdoor occupations (sales and low skilled worker) after dropping unemployed and someone working for military since it is not clear whether these occupations are treated group or control group. This classification was supported when we examined the answers for workplace smoking ban policy existing only in 2005 survey. Sixty eight percent of indoor occupations reported having an office smoking ban policy compared to forty percent of outdoor occupation answering workplace smoking ban policy. The estimated impacts on current smoker are 4.1 percentage point decline and cigarettes per day show statistically significant decline of 2.5 cigarettes per day. Taking into account consumption of average sixteen cigarettes per day among smokers it is sixteen percent decline in smoking rate which is substantial. We tested robustness using the same sample across two surveys and also using tobit model. Our results are robust against both concerns. It is possible that our measure of treated and control group have measurement error which will lead to attenuation bias. However, we are finding statistically significant impacts which might be a lower bound of the true estimates. The magnitude of our finding is not much different from previous finding of significant impacts. For cigarettes per day previous estimates varied from 1.37 to 3.9 and for current smoker it showed between 1%p and 7.8%p.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.610-617
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• 2016

Purpose: Smoking cessation is strongly recommended for every smoker after ischemic stroke, but many patients fail to quit smoking. An improved smoking cessation rate has been reported with intensive behavioral therapy during hospitalization and supportive contact after discharge. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of the timely interventions for smoking cessation in men with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: Patients who participated in the timely interventions strategy (TI group) were compared with those who received conventional counseling (CC group). In the TI group, a certified nurse provided comprehensive education during admission and additional counseling after discharge. Outcome was measured by point smoking success rate and sustained smoking cessation rate for 12 months. Results: Participants, 157 men (86 of the TI group and 71 of the CC group), were enrolled. Mean age was $58.25{\pm}11.23$ years and mean initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was $4.68{\pm}5.46$. The TI group showed a higher point smoking success rate compared with the CC group (p=.003). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the TI group was 2.96-fold (95% CI, 1.43~6.13) more likely to sustain smoking cessation for 12 months than the CC group. Conclusion: Findings indicate that multiple interventions initiated during hospital stay and regular follow-up after discharge are more effective than conventional smoking cessation counseling in men with acute ischemic stroke.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2001

Objective : To estimate the annual economic costs attributable to cigarette smoking in Korea. Methods : The costs were classified as being direct medical and non-medical costs, indirect costs and others. We focused on those costs related that are incurred in the treatment of selected diseases (cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and cancers), which have been proven to be caused by smoking. In addition to the basic costs of treatment, the additional amount of costs occurred due to smoking was obtained by computing the population attributable risk (PAR%) caused by smoking. To compute the PAR%, relative risks of smoking to the number of outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and the death were estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model, respectively. Our major data source was the 'Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC) cohort study,' which was composed of a total of 115,682 male and 67,932 female beneficiaries who had complete records of their smoking histories in the year of 1992. Results : The annual costs that could be attributable to smoking were estimated to be in the range of 2,847,500 million Won to 3,959,100 million Won. The maximum estimate of 3,959,100 million Won includes 233,100 million Won for medical costs, 5,100 million Won for transportation costs, 27,600 million Won for care giver's economic costs, 69,100 million Won in productivity loss, 3,435,000 million Won lost because of premature death, 172,100 million Won in costs resulting from passive smoke inhalation and 17,100 million Won for costs that resulted from fires that were caused by careless smoking. Conclusion : Our study confirms that the magnitude of the economic burden of smoking to Korean society is substantial. Therefore, this study provides strong evidence that there is a strong need for a national policy of tobacco control in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.68-72
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• 2005

Object:Nicotine dependence is the most common substance abuse disorder. One of the characteristics of nicotine dependence is craving. Regional activation of the brain induced by craving for nicotine was evaluated by using functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neuroanatomical site of smoking craving. Method:A smoker who satisfied DSM-IV criteria for nicotine dependence and a non smoker was studied. MRI data were acquired on a 1.5T Magnetom Vision Plus with a head volume coil. Two sets of visual stimuli were presented to subjects in a random manner. One was the film scenes of inducing smoking craving and the other was neutral stimuli not related to smoking. There were two fMRI sessions before and after smoking or sham smoking. Data were analyzed using SPM99. Results:fMRI showed significant activated area in anterior cingulate and medial frontal lobes in the smoker during smoking craving. Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal lobes were activated in the control during visual stimulation before smoking. After smoking, there was no brain activation during visual stimulation in both of smoker and non smoker. Conclusion:Metabolic activity of the anterior cingulate and medial frontal lobes increased during craving for smoking. This result suggests that fMRI may be a valuable tool in the identification of neurobiological process of craving.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.51-58
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between drinking, smoking, meat intake, and exercise. The participants were 1,060 males and females who voluntarily responded to the survey by visiting the health promotion booth at the H Festival held in C city in 2014. Research data were collected in interview form using questionnaires on alcohol use, smoking, exercise, and meat intake. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, cross tabulation analysis, multinominal logistic regression after stratification of gender using the SPSS 24 program. The results of the study are as follows: Smokers had a significantly higher frequency of drinking ($x^2=163.33$, p<.001) than non-smokers. Meat intake was high when alcohol use was high ($x^2=35.13$, p<.001). The risk rates for smoking, meat consumption, and exercise related to alcohol use are as follows. The smoking was higher as the frequency of drinking increased. For men, smoking OR(odd ratio) was 6.26 (p=.001) and for women, smoking risk OR was 16.82 (p=.002). Meats intake showed a higher OR as the alcohol use increased. The OR of almost daily ingestion of meat at frequent drinking days was 4.40 (p=.002) for males and 4.52(p=.009) for females. As the frequency of drinking increased, the OR of days of exercise tended to decrease. In men, the OR was 0.36 (p=.003), the lowest in the probability of exercising more than 5 days when drinking high. In the case of women drinking less than once a week, the OR was 0.43 (p=.027), which was the lowest for exercise for 5 days or more. In conclusion, the higher the frequency of drinking, the higher the smoking and meat intake, and the less exercise. If drinking, smoking, and meat intake are high but there is a lack of exercise, a chronic disease can occur and cause premature death unless there is a change in the new health behavior. The results of this study suggest researches to understand the motives related to alcohol abstinence, smoking cessation, dietary control and exercise, and to develop programs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

Aiming at reducing smoking population, Taiwan government adopted a successful smoking cessation quitline model from California Smokers' Helpline, commissioned a private non-profit organization-Teacher Chang Foundation, which was well-known for its quality telephone counseling service-to set up Asia's first quitline, Taiwan Smokers' Helpline (TSH) in 2003. The establishment of the quitline is a significant progress for tobacco control in Taiwan, as it built up a cooperative model with smoking cessation clinics to increase the quit rate through assisting smokers to overcome their psychological obstacles while quitting smoking.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2011

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to explore the influences of adolescents' smoking on the stress level according to gender. Methods: We used the data from the 2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between the period of Jan. and Dec. 2008. The target population of this study is 805 adolescents in the 12~19 years old. Results: 22.0% of male adolescents and 11.8% of female adolescents were current smokers. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that stress level was associated with self-reported health status, drinking, and smoking among males. Among females, stress level was associated with BMI. Conclusion: The results of this study would help to develop smoking prevention programs and health promotion strategies for adolescents.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.282-288
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to verify the effects of a smoking cessation program for adolescents. Method: This study was designed to use one group with one pre-test and two post-tests. One post-test was done immediately after the completion of the program and the other after eight weeks. The subjects were 21 male high school students who were smokers when this study was carried out. The smoking cessation program consisted of 5 sessions with smoking cessation education and e-mail service after the program. Variables in this research were nicotine dependency (using Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire) and self-efficacy. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Immediately after the program and eight weeks later, nicotine dependency for continuous smokers decreased significantly (after the program: Z=-2.319, p=.020, eight weeks later: Z=-1.999. p=.046) and self-efficacy increased significantly (after program: Z=-3.024. p=.002. eight weeks later: Z=-2.381. p=.017). Conclusions: The smoking cessation program was effective in decreasing nicotine dependency in the continuous adolescent smokers and in increasing their self-efficacy, Further study needs to be made with a lager number of smoking adolescents using control group design.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.289-296
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was examine the relationship between smoking, general characteristics, and serum lipids in the normal adult. The subjects consist of 6,800 persons (male ; 4,309(63.4%), female ; 2,491(36.6%)) in A hospital in Kyungki-Do. The collected data were analyzed using T-test, and Multiple Regression by SPSS/WIN program. The result were following ; 1. Cigarette smoking was associated with decreased serum HDL cholesterol level (p<.001). 2. Serum LDL cholesterol level was not statistically correlated with smoking tend to level by 5.77mg/dl respectively. 3. Cigarette smoking was associated with elevated serum Triglyceride level (p<.001). 4. By using regression, HDL cholesterol level was negatively correlated with obesity and alcohol.. HDL cholesterol level was positively correlated with exercise. LDL cholesterol level was positively correlated with diet and obesity.　Triglyceride level was positively correlated with obesity and　alcohol. In conclusion, Smoking was the most correlated with Triglyceride among the serum lipid and Serum lipid was the most correlated with obesity. Thus, it is necessary to quit smoke and weight control for prevention from disease such as coronary heart disease and lung cancer.