• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1931-1935
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• 2013

Background: This study was undertaken to identify the socio-demographic determinants of quit attempts among smokers and smokeless tobacco users to identify correlates of tobacco cessation behaviour in India Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study for the outcome of quit attempts made by current tobacco users in last 12 months in twelve districts in two states. Simple and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to obtain the odds ratios (ORs) of socio-demographic variables (age, gender, education, occupation, socio-economic status, community, area, type of family) and tobacco user status (smoker/smokeless). Results: In the combined analysis, a smoker had higher predicted probability of attempting quitting (OR-1.41,CI 1.14-1.90), in comparison to a smokeless tobacco user and a tobacco user in the state of Gujarat was less likely to attempt quitting than a user in Andhra Pradesh (OR-0.60, CI 0.47-0.78). The probability of making a quit attempt was higher among tobacco users who were more educated (OR-1.40, CI 1.04-1.94), having a higher socio-economic status (SES) (OR-2.39, CI 1.54-3.69), and belonging to non-agricultural labourer occupational group (OR-1.90, CI 1.29-2.78). The effects were maintained even after adjusting for all other variables. In disaggregated analysis, findings were similar except in smokeless as a separate group, education level was not significantly associated with quit attempts and with lower odds (OR-0.91, CI 0.58-1.42). Conclusions: This is one of the first studies to provide useful insight into potential determinants for quit attempts of tobacco users in India including smokeless tobacco users, exploring the socio-demographic patterning of correlates of quit attempts.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.249-258
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• 2017

This study examined the influence of self- efficacy for smoking cessation, depression, social support and nicotine dependency in the college male smoker. This survey design was adopted for 149 male college students in Gyeongbuk. Data were gathered from September 7 to 18, 2016. Data was analyzed for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. There was a significant positive correlation between depression and nicotine dependency. There was a significant negative correlation between self-efficacy for smoking cessation and nicotine dependency and between social support and nicotine dependency. The significant factors influencing nicotine dependency were self-efficacy for smoking cessation and depression. This model explained 34% of variance in nicotine dependency. The results suggest that an intervention program is needed to reduce the depression and to increase the ability of self-efficacy for smoking cessation in the college male smoker.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.113-123
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• 2008

Objectives: Obesity is chronic condition which can severely influence health. People with a high percentage of body fat (%BF) have high prevalence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Abdominal obesity (AO) seems to play a major role in the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. This study investigated the %BF and AO of workers in the automobile manufacturing industry. Methods: The subjects were categorized by sex, age, job class, drinking history and smoking history. %BF and AO were measured by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (Jawon Medical, Seoul, Korea). We analyzed the relationship between age, sex, job class, drinking history, smoking history and %BF and WHR into frequencies, $X^2$-test using the SPSS Ver. 12.0. Results: Regarding the relationship between sex and %BF, AO, there was statistically significant difference as men had a significant higher level of %BF and AO than women. There was a positive correlation between age and both %BF and AO. Workers in their 40s especially ran level of AO up. In job class, office workers were apt to have a higherlevel of %BF and AO than production line workers. %BF and AO of the non-drinker group showed a lower level than the drinker group. On the other hand, the ex-smoker group had higher levels of %BF and AO than the non-smoker or current-smoker groups. Conclusions: The above results showed that men, the advanced in years, office workers, drinkers and ex-smokers had high levels of %BF and AO.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.195-213
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate several effects of smoking and alcohol-drinking on the health of rural residents. The subjects were 710 people (325 males and 385 females) in rural area, Young-Duk Gun, Kyungbuk, Korea. The data were collected by medical students trained for this study during 4 days from 31 August, 1996. Questionnaire contents were general social characteristics, period of the agriculture, smoking history, alcohol-drinking history, some psychosomatic symptoms and self-evaluation for health. The results obtained are as follows : 1. Positive rates of the some psychosomatic symptoms and self-evaluation for health were higher in female than in male and were significantly increased as the as increased(p<0.05). 2. Smoking rate was 56.9% in male and 4.9% in female. In positive rates of the some psychosomatic symptoms and self-evaluation for health in male, 'insomnia' was only significantly lower in ex-smoker than in smoker and non-smoker(p<0.05). Other items were significantly not different. 3. Prevalence rate of alcohol drinker was 54.8% in male and 17.1% in female and the alcoholism was 8.3% in male and 0.8% in female. Positive rate of the some psychosomatic symptoms and self-evaluation for health in male were significantly not different. 4. The scores of self-evaluation for health was divided into two groups under two point and over three. And the analysis of multiple logistic regression shows that there were significant relationship with age and sex. This study suggests that some psychosomatic symptoms and self-evaluation for health were significant relationship with age and sex but not smoking and alcohol-drinking.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2000

Objectives : This study is to evaluate the awareness, attitude, practice and the countermeasures against passive smoking in Korean adults. Methods : By self-administered questionnaires, we assessed the knowledge, attitude, behavior for passive smoking and the countermeasure for reduction of it's harmful effects in 289 men and 238 women. Results : The subjects that have heard about passive smoking were 96.8% in total and well known were 26.4% of current smoker, 56.6% of ex-smoker, and 14.8% of non-smoker(p=0.001). The irritative symptom from passive smoking was the most frequent in non-smokers and the most common place where exposed to passive smoking was public place. For attitude against passive smoking in 'no smoking allowed area', ex-smokers were the most active to recommend to stop smoking. And for opinion about establishment of 'no smoking allowed area', the restriction by law was the best acceptable method in smokers, exsmokers, and nonsmokers. In marking of 'no smoking allowed area', 69.9% of smokers answered no smoking, but in non-marking area only 6.3% stop smoking. When smokers were recommended to stop smoking, the more subjects stop smoking with good feeling in marking area, but the less in non-marking area. The factor associated the high awareness of passive smoking were aged(OR=1.07, 1.03-1.12), men(OR=4.34, 2.32-8.46). The persons who have known well about passive smoking had good attitude and behavior to prevent of harmful effect of passive smoking. Conclusions : This study suggested that education program would be necessary to reduce the passive smoking.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the effect between job stress in jobholders and xerostomia. Methods : 250 jobholders living in Jecheon city were the subjects of this questionnaire. The questionnaire was made up of three contents and 37 items: general characteristic(13), job stress(14), degree & behavior of xerostomia(10). The data were analyzed by two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA to examine the subjects general characteristics, job stress and degree of xerostomia and were analyzed by Chi-square test to examine the subjects general characteristics, job stress and behavior of xerostomia. Results : Only 215 jobholders were evaluated due to inadequate responses. The results were as follow. 1. As general characteristic of jobholder, male(83.7%) were more than women(16.3%), 30~39 year-old(47%) in age variable, university graduation(63.7%) in the last educational background variable, 2~3 million won(31.2%) in the month average income variable, 1~5 year(33.5%) in tour of duty variable, non-smoker(47.9%) in smoking variable were most. Married(58.6%) were more than unmarried(39.5%). Alcoholic(69.8%) were more than non-alcoholic(30.2%). 2. As classification of job stress, high strain group was 28.4%, active group was 26%, low strain group was 24.2%, passive group was 21.4%. 3. Analysis of effect between general characteristic and degree & behavior of xerostomia showed smoker were statistical significantly higher than non-smoker on 'dry eat', 'Am-sal', 'Night awake', 'Slip-liq'and 'Gumcandy'(p<0.05) and showed alcoholic were statistical significantly higher than non-alcoholic on 'Dry PM', 'Night awake, $H_2O$-bed'(p<0.05). 4. Analysis of effect between job stress and degree & behavior of xerostomia showed hight strain group were statistical significantly higher than low strain group on 'Dry PM', 'Dry-day', 'Am-sal', 'Eff-life'and 'Night awake'(p<0.05). Conclusions : As high strain group were higher than other groups on degree & behavior of xerostomia, stress would be factor that have an effect on xerostomia. Thus consider and management of stress is necessary for diagnosis and treatment of xerostomia.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 1990

The authors conducted a clinical observation of 55 cases of solitary pulmonary nodules at Yeungnam University Hospital from June 1986 to October 1990, and the following results were obtained : 1. The age distribution was ranged from 18 to 77 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.8:1. 2. Among 55 cases of nodules, 28 cases were benign and 27 cases were malignant nodules, and of malignant nodules, the primary lung cancer was 23 cases and of benign nodules, 18 cases were tuberculoma. 3. 23 cases (41.8%) was asymptomatic and the other 32 cases were symptomatic; chest pain 12 cases, hemoptysis; 8 cases, cough; 8 cases and dyspnea; 4 cases. 4. The non-smoker-to-smoker ratio was 1:1.04, but among 23 smoker over 20 pack years, 14 cases were malignant nodules. 5. According to nodular size, there is no striking differences between benign and malignant nodules except 3-4cm sized nodules. 6. The lobar distribution of nodules, 35 cases were in the right lung (upper lobe; 14 cases, middle lobe; 11 cases, and lower lobe; 10 cases) and 20 cases were in the left lung(upper lobe; 9 cases, lower lobe; 11 cases), and the malignant nodules were most commonly observed in the right upper lung.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2016

Background: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with selective shunting is the surgical method currently used to treat patients with carotid artery disease. We evaluated the incidence of major postoperative complications in patients who underwent CEA with selective shunting under transcranial Doppler (TCD) at our institution. Methods: The records of 45 patients who underwent CEA with TCD-based selective shunting under general anesthesia from November 2009 to June 2015 were reviewed. The risk factors for postoperative complications were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Preoperative atrial fibrillation was observed in three patients. Plaque ulceration was detected in 10 patients (22.2%) by preoperative computed tomography imaging. High-level stenosis was observed in 16 patients (35.5%), and 18 patients had contralateral stenosis. Twenty patients (44.4%) required shunt placement due to reduced TCD flow or a poor temporal window. The 30-day mortality rate was 2.2%. No cases of major stroke were observed in the 30 days after surgery, but four cases of minor stroke were noted. Univariate analysis showed that preoperative atrial fibrillation (odds ratio [OR], 40; p=0.018) and ex-smoker status (OR, 17.5; p=0.021) were statistically significant risk factors for a minor stroke in the 30-day postoperative period. Analogously, multivariate analysis also found that atrial fibrillation (p<0.001) and ex-smoker status (p=0.002) were significant risk factors for a minor stroke in the 30-day postoperative period. No variables were identified as risk factors for 30-day major stroke or death. No wound complications were found, although one (2.2%) of the patients suffered from a hypoglossal nerve injury. Conclusion: TCD-based CEA is a safe and reliable method to treat patients with carotid artery disease. Preoperative atrial fibrillation and ex-smoker status were found to increase the postoperative risk of a small embolism leading to a minor neurologic deficit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2001

This study was conducted to determine the urinary nicotine and cotinine concentration in 126 smokers and 143 nonsmokers. While urine samples were being collected, personal characteristics related to smoking habit such as sex, age, number of years since a person has been a smoker, average number of cigarettes consumed per day, and number of smokers in the family were surveyed. Urinary nicotine and cotinine concentration were analyzed by GC/NPD. The smokers smoked an average 17.0 cigarettes per day and the average concentration of nicotine and cotinine was 3.88 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml and 3.64 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, respectively. The average number of smokers in the family was 0.72 persons and the average concentration of nicotine and cotinine were 0.11 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml and 0.02 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in the urine of non-smokers, respectively. The concentration of nicotine and cotnine in smoker\`s urine was dependent on the number of cigarettes smoked per day(p<0.01). The number of years since a person had been a smoker, and the number of smokers in the family were not associated with the concentration of nicotine and cotinine. Also there was no significant effects of passive smoking on the family of smokers by the level of nicotine and cotinine concentration. We describe the relationship between smoking habit as assessed by urinary nicotine and cotinine excretion. This study provides an evidence for the assessment of active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.140-147
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• 2021

Background: For generations, cigarette smoking has presented an important public health concern. This study aimed to compare the health-promoting behavior, exercise capacity, physical activity level, health literacy, and knowledge level of smoking-related diseases between smokers and non-smokers. Methods: The study included 71 smokers (mean age, 32.69±8.55 years) and 72 non-smokers (mean age, 31.88±9.94 years) between the ages of 20 and 60 years. Assessments included a 6-minute walking test (6MWT), Godin Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II), Cardiovascular Risk Factors Knowledge Level Scale (CARRF-KL), Asthma/COPD Awareness Questionnaire, the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref questionnaire (WHOQoL-Bref [TR]), and Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). Results: The results from the study show that the number of coronary artery disease risk factors measured significantly higher among the smoker group members when compared to that of the non-smoker group members (p=0.001). Smokers had significantly lower %6MWT distance than non-smokers (84.83±4.72 and 93.45±7.16, respectively; p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the smokers and non-smokers in terms of physical activity, CARRF-KL, HLQ, WHOQoL-Bref, and HPLP-II subscales or total scores (p>0.05). Additionally, while only forty-one smokers (57.7%) were active, 48 of the non-smoker group was active (66.7%). Conclusion: Smokers suffer greater negative effects to their exercise capacity in comparison to non-smokers. Although smokers and non-smokers have similar levels of health literacy and similar levels of knowledge about cardiovascular disease risk factors and obstructive lung diseases, health professionals could continue to further increase individuals' awareness of smoking-related risk factors and continue to emphasize the importance of physical activity and exercise for protecting cardiopulmonary health.