• Title/Summary/Keyword: Smoke source

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A Study on the Design Factors of Complex Damper for Ventilation and Fire Protection (환기 및 소방용 복합댐퍼의 설계인자에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Dong-Myung
    • Fire Science and Engineering
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.42-47
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    • 2011
  • This study carried out the design and analysis of complex damper as basis study for development of complex damper for ventilation and fire protection. This study established design and analysis theory of complex damper based on process, kinematics mechanism and mechanism modelling of complex damper. And this study established engineering data construction and a source technology that can design each element of complex damper through motion analysis simulation based on design and analysis theory. Therefore, it got result that can apply comprehensively in development of complex damper for ventilation and fire protection from this study. Also, it sees that can ready control means and technological countermeasure of smoke to developed of complex damper with this study.

Combustion characteristics of rice-husk according to the change of heat flux (왕겨의 heat flux별 연소특성에 관한 연구)

  • Park Eun-young;Park Duckshin;Cho Youngmin;Park Byunghyun;Lee Cheulkyu
    • Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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    • 2005.11a
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    • pp.1190-1195
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    • 2005
  • Biomass burning is a source of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Under the ideal conditions of complete combustion, the burning of biomass produces carbon dioxide and water vapor. Since complete combustion is not achieved under any conditions of biomass burning, other carbon species, including carbon monoxide, methane, non-methane hydrocarbons and particulate carbon are produced. In this study, we analyze the combustion characteristics of rice-husk, such as heat release rate, smoke production rate, the percentage variation of CO and $CO_2$, oxygen consumption rate, and mass loss under different heat fluxes (20, 50 and 70kW). As a result, at 20kW incomplete combustion is occurred so that the percentage of CO is high in initial burning and total smoke release is higher than the others. At 50kW and 70kW, the combustion behaviors is very similar except the variation of CO percentage.

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Sensing Characteristics of Fire Detectors in Railway Tunnel by Using Numerical Analysis (수치해석을 이용한 화재감지기 철도터널 화재 감지특성 연구)

  • Park, Won-Hee
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.16 no.11
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    • pp.7964-7970
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    • 2015
  • In enclosed areas such as railway tunnels, the heat and smoke generated by a fire can pose a tremendous risk to the life of passengers. To prevent or mitigate such scenarios, fire detectors are installed for early fire detection. This numerical study is preformed for establishing the method of detecting performance of fire detectors installed on railway tunnels. Numerical analysis are conducted using the fire dynamics simulator, developed by the NIST. The temperature of the tunnel walls is determined using the assumed exterior structure of the tunnel. In addition, the detection times of detectors installed at different locations in the tunnel are obtained for different sizes of the fire source, and the results are compared and analyzed.

Characteristics of Fire-induced Thermal-Flowfields in an Underground Utility Tunnel with Ventilation (화재 발생시 환기방식에 따른 지하공동구내 열유동 특성 연구)

  • Kim, Hong-Sik;Hwang, In-Ju;Kim, Yun-Je
    • Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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    • 2003.04a
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    • pp.1845-1850
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    • 2003
  • The underground utility tunnels are important facility as a mainstay of country because of communication developments. The communication and electrical duct banks as well as various utility lines for urban life are installed in the underground utility tunnel systems. If a fire breaks out in this life-line tunnel, the function of the city will be discontinued and the huge damages are occurred. In order to improve the safety of life-line tunnel systems and the fire detection, the behaviors of the fire-induced smoke flow and temperature distribution are investigated. In this study we assumed that the fire is occurred at the contact or connection points of cable. Numerical calculations are carried out using different velocity of ventilation in utility tunnel. The fire source is modeled as a volumetric heat source. Three-dimensional flow and thermal characteristics in the underground tunnel are solved by means of FVM (Finite Volume Method) using SIMPLE algorithm and standard ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model for Reynolds stress terms. The numerical results of the fire-induced flow characteristics in an underground utility tunnel with different velocity of ventilation are graphically prepared and discussed.

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Investigation on a Haze Episode of Fine Particulate Matter using Semi-continuous Chemical Composition Data (준 실시간 화학적 조성자료를 이용한 미세입자 연무 에피소드 규명)

  • Park, Seung-Shik;Kim, Sun-Jung;Gong, Bu-Joo;Lee, Kwon-Ho;Cho, Seog-Yeon;Kim, Jong-Choon;Lee, Suk-Jo
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.642-655
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    • 2013
  • In this study, semi-continuous measurements of $PM_{2.5}$ mass, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), black carbon (BC), and ionic species concentrations were made for the period of April 03~13, 2012, at a South Area Supersite at Gwangju. Possible sources causing the high concentrations of major chemical species in $PM_{2.5}$ observed during a haze episode were investigated. The measurement results, along with meteorological parameters, gaseous pollutants data, air mass back trajectory analyses and PSCF (potential source contribution function) results, were used to study the haze episode. Substantial enhancements of OC, EC, BC, $K^+$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO{_3}{^-}$, $NH{_4}{^+}$, and CO concentrations were closely associated with air masses coming from regions of forest fires in southeastern China, suggesting likely an impact of the forest fires. Also the PSCF maps for EC, OC, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, and $K^+$ demonstrate further that the long-range transport of smoke plumes of forest fires detected over the southeastern China could be a possible source of haze phenomena observed at the site. Another possible source leading to haze formation was likely from photochemistry of precursor gases such as volatile organic compounds, $SO_2$, and $NO_2$, resulting in accumulation of secondary organic aerosol, $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO{_3}{^-}$. Throughout the episode, local wind directions were between 200 and $230^{\circ}C$, where two industrial areas are situated, with moderate wind speeds of 3~5 m/s, resulting in highly elevated concentration of $SO_2$ with a maximum of 15 ppb. The $SO{_4}^{2-}$ peak occurring in the afternoon hours coincided with maximum ambient temperature ($24^{\circ}C$) and ozone concentration (~100 ppb), and were driven by photochemistry of $SO_2$. As a result, the pattern of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ variations in relation to wind direction, $SO_2$ and $O_3$ concentrations, and the strong correlation between $SO_2$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ ($R^2=0.76$) suggests that in addition to the impact of smoke plumes from forest fires in the southeastern China, local $SO_2$ emissions were likely an important source of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ leading to haze formation at the site.

Experimental study on applicability of Air-Curtain system in train fire at subsea tunnel rescue station (해저터널 열차 화재 시 구난역 에어커튼 시스템의 성능에 관한 실험 연구)

  • Park, Byoung-Jik;Shin, Hyun-Jun;Yoo, Yong-Ho;Park, Jin-Ouk;Kim, Hwi-Seong;Kim, Yang-Kyun
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2018
  • Visibility is very poor in tunnel fire because of confined space where the fire may easily lead to the mass casuality incident because of fast smoke spread. In this test, air curtain and the fan were installed at rescue station in a bid to make use of rescue station in safe way during the train fire in undersea tunnel and a full-scale fire test was conducted to identify the applicability of air curtain system. Air curtain system was installed at a real rescue station and the test was continued for 2 minutes till heptane which was used as fire source was completely burned out. When air curtain was working, difference in temperature between inside and outside the platform was $160^{\circ}C$ and carbon monoxide measured inside the platform was less than the case of no air curtain system by 160 ppm. Thus a full-scale fire test demonstrated that the air curtain system installed at rescue station in undersea tunnel was able to effectively block the heat and smoke generated from the fire.

Studies on the Heavy Metals in Paddy Rice and Soils in Jang-hang Smelter (제연소인근지역(製鍊所隣近地域)의 토양(土壤) 및 수도체중(水稻體中) 중금속함량(重金屬含量)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究))

  • Kim, Seong-Jo;Ryang, Hwan-Seung
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.336-347
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    • 1985
  • Soils and rice plants subject to smoke from the Jang-hang Smelter were samples at two depths to assess the nature and extend of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contamination, particularly with respect to distance from pollution source. Soils at east site within 1km of the center of the smelter were highly contaminated with Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Metal levels in the smoke-polluted area were higher in surface soil than in subsurface soil, and decreased rapidly with distance reaching nearly background levels at 5km from pollution source. A position correlation was found between contents of total and 0.1 N HCl-extractable, or 1.0N $CH_3COONH_4$- extractable heavy metals in surface soils of pollution. Contents of heavy metals in soils were positively correlated with soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity. The contents of heavy metals in brown rice collected from the paddy field around the Jang-hang Smelter were in the range of 0.23-1.33 ppm for Cd, 2.39-6.25 for Cu, 0.95-8.32 ppm for Pb and 14.60-27.31 for Zn. The contents of Cd, Cu, and Zn in rice straw were positively correlated with those in the brown rice. Negative correlation was found between the contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in brown rice and the distance from the source.

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The Analysis of the effects of the platform screen door on the fire driven flow in The Deeply Underground Subway Station (대심도 지하역사에서의 화재시 플랫폼 스크린 도어에 의한 열, 연기 거동 영향 분석)

  • Jang, Y.J.;Kim, H.B.;Lee, C.H.;Jung, W.S.
    • Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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    • 2008.11b
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    • pp.1984-1989
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    • 2008
  • In this study, fire simulations were performed to analyze the characteristics of the fire driven flow and the effects of the platform screen door on the smoke flow in the station, when the fire occurred in the center of the platform. Soongsil Univ. station (line number 7, 47m in depth underground) was chosen which was the one of the deepest underground subway stations in the Seoul metro, SMRT. The parallel computational method was employed to compute the heat and mass transfer eqn's with 6 CPUs of the linux clustering machine. The fire driven flow was simulated with using FDS code in which LES method was applied. The Heat release rate was 10MW and The Ultrafast model was applied for the growing model of the fire source. The 10,000,000 structured grids were used.

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SIMULATION STUDIES ON A REDUCED-SCALE SUBWAY COACH FIRE (지하철 축소모형 객차화재 수치해석적 연구)

  • Kim, K.W.;Park, W.H.;Kim, C.H.;Jung, W.S.;Lee, D.H.
    • 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2010.05a
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    • pp.501-504
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    • 2010
  • In this study, fire behavior for subway coach fire in the 1/10 reduced scale model is analyzed using numerical analysis method (FDS). The size of the reduced model coach is 1.9 m long, 0.290 m high and 0.235 m. The simulation is carried out only one-sided four doors of the coach are opened. A fire source is the n-heptane pool fire with a mean heat release rate 2.33 kW. Smoke temperature, heat release rate and mass loss rate for the model are calculated.

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