• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.159-165
• /
• 2019

'4th Industrial Revolution' is accelerating as a core part of creating new growth engines and enhancing competitiveness of businesses. The fourth industrial revolution means the transformation of society and industries that are brought by IoT (Internet of Things), big data analysis, AI (Artificial Intelligence), and robot technology. Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which is a major factor, is affecting production and manufacturing systems and as ICT technologies become more advanced, intelligent information technology is generally utilized in all areas of society, leading to hyper-connected society where new values are created and developed. ICT technology is not just about connecting devices and systems and making smart, it is about constantly converging and harmonizing new technologies in a number of fields and driving innovation and change. It is no exception to the agro-fisheries trade. In particular, ICT technology is applied to the agricultural sector, reducing labor, providing optimal environment for crops, and increasing productivity. Due to the nature of agriculture, which is a labor-intensive industry, it is predicted that the ripple effects of ICT technologies will become bigger. We are expected to use the Smart Concentration using ICT convergence technology as a useful resource for changing smart farms, and to help develop new service markets.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.113-120
• /
• 2023

Coastal and offshore structures such as ports and offshore wind farms will often need to be built on fine-grained sediments. Geotechnical properties associated with sediment compressibility are key parameters for marine construction designs especially on soft grounds, which involve clay-mineral dominated fines that can consolidate and settle significantly in response to engineered and environmental loads. We conduct liquid limit tests and 1D consolidation tests with fine-grained soils (silica silt, mica, kaolin and bentonite) and biogenic soils (diatom). The pore fluids for the liquid limit tests include deionized water and a series of brines with NaCl salt concentrations of 0.001 m, 0.01 m, 0.1 m, 0.6 m and 2.0 m, and the pore fluids for the consolidation tests deionized water, 0.01 m, 0.6 m, 2 m. The salt concentrations help the liquid limits of kaolin and bentonite decrease, but those of diatom slightly increase. The silica silt and mica show minimal changes in liquid limit due to salt concentrations. Accordingly, compression indices of soils follow the trend of the liquid limit as the liquid limit determined the initial void ratio of the consolidation test. Diatoms are more likely to be broken than clastic sediments during to loading, and diatom-rich sediment is therefore generally more compressible than clastic-rich sediment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.63 no.6
• /
• pp.117-129
• /
• 2021

The movement of animals is one of the primary factors that influence the variation of livestock emissions. This study evaluated the relationship between animal activity and three major emissions, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and ammonia gas, in weaning, growing, and fattening pig houses through continuous monitoring of the animal activity. The movement score of animals was quantified by the developed image analysis algorithm using 10-second video clips taken in the pig houses. The calculated movement scores were validated by comparison with six activity levels graded by an expert group. A comparison between PMs measurement and the movement scores demonstrated that an increase of the PMs concentrations was obviously followed by increased movement scores, for example, when feeding started. The PM₁₀ concentrations were more affected by the animal activity compared to the PM_2.5 concentrations, which were related to the inflow of external PM_2.5 due to ventilation. The PM₁₀ concentrations in the fattening house were 1.3 times higher than those in the weaning house because of the size of pigs while weaning pigs were more active and moved frequently compared to fattening pigs showing 2.45 times higher movement scores. The results also indicated that indoor ammonia concentration was not significantly influenced by animal activity. This study is significant in the sense that it could provide realistic emission factors of pig farms considering animal's daily activity levels if further monitoring is carried out continuously.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.35-47
• /
• 2024

Objectives: Many cases of lung cancer have been reported by school kitchen workers as occupational cancer. Twenty-eight schools in Gyeongsangnam-do Province were selected to evaluate the effect of improved kitchen ventilation systems. Ventilation characteristics before and after renovation were compared and design techniques were identified. Methods: In the design stage for kitchen ventilation systems, expert intervention was used to improve the designs. Ventilation characteristics and air quality were evaluated before and after the renovations. Hood face velocity and fan flow rate were measured and the smoke visualization technique was used to evaluate the capability of protecting worker's breathing zone. The concentrations of PM_0.3 were measured at points not adjacent to cooking equipment because these concentrations fluctuate greatly. Results: Mean hood face velocity increased from 0.29 m/s before renovation to 0.7m/s after renovation. The concentrations of PM_0.3 showed a roughly 95% reduction. Concentrations of CO showed more than a 75% reduction. Smoke visualization showed greater protection of workers' breathing zone. Conclusions: Advanced design techniques for school kitchen ventilation systems were applied to renovate old kitchen ventilation systems. The performance of the new kitchen ventilation systems was nearly excellent. Further improvement of design techniques is still needed, however.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.3-10
• /
• 2021

According to the IPCC, humans are influencing the climate system. Such changes in the climate system can cause problems in the supply of food ingredients in the agricultural field by changing the existing growing environment. To solve this problem, vertical farms can be a good alternative for a stable supply of food ingredients. Although the vertical smart farm pays close attention to maintaining and managing the growing environment of crops, it is difficult to uniformly implement temperature, humidity, illumination, oxygen, and carbon dioxide concentrations in the building space. As a result of conducting computational fluid dynamics analysis to ensure air uniformity, a remarkable result is that it is advantageous to continuously spray suitable carbon dioxide CO2 concentrations for a long period of time for air uniformity in a vertical smart farm. Through this result, it is possible to efficiently plan a growing environment system optimized for a vertical smart farm. Based on this study, if efficient crops are produced by creating an optimized growing environment for vertical smart farms, it will be able to contribute to the development of the agricultural field.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
• /
• v.8 no.10
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this exploratory study is to identify the mobile phone applications (apps) used by foreign tourists visiting South Korea through a pilot study using focus groups and individual interviews. Concentrating on tourist mobile app use in a smart tourism environment and categorized through a taxonomy of mobile applications lays the framework and determines the factors boosting tourism smartphone app trends by foreign tourists visiting South Korea. Researchers collected data through ethnographic methods and analyzed it through qualitative research to uncover major themes within the smart tourism app use phenomenon. The researchers coded, counted, analyzed, and then divided the findings gleaned from a pilot study and interviews into a taxonomy of seven logical smartphone app categories. The labeling and coding of all the data accounting for similarities and differences can be recognized and are logically discussed in the implications of the apps used by tourists to assist tourist destinations. More specifically these findings will assist smart tourism destinations by better understanding foreign tourist smartphone app use behavior. Tourists visiting South Korea interviewed in this study exhibited significant mastery of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, craved free WiFi access, and utilized smartphone apps for all facets of their travel. Findings show major concentrations of app use in bookings of accommodations, tourist attractions, online shopping, navigation, wayfinding, augmented reality, information searching, language translation, gaming, and online dating while traveling in South Korea.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.83-87
• /
• 2009

In this study, we assessed the stability and toxicological safety of Angelica gigas Nakai (A. gigas Nakai) extract, which is comprised of decursin and decursinol angelate (D/DA). D/DA was tested for mutagenicity using Ames Salmonella tester strains (TA102, TA1535, and TA1537) with or without metabolic activation (S9 mix). No increase in the number of revertants was observed in response to any of the doses tested (1.25, 12.5, 125, and $1,250{\mu}/mLg$). In addition, a chromosome aberration test was conducted in the Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cell line. To accomplish this, cells were treated with D/DA (3.28, 13.12, 52.46, and $209.84{\mu}g/mL$) or with Mitomycin C ($0.1{\mu}/mLg$) as a positive control in the case of no metabolic activation or benzo(a)pyrene ($20{\mu}g/mL$) in the case of metabolic activation. No significant increase in chromosome aberrations was observed in response to treatment with any of these concentrations, regardless of activation of the metabolic system. According to these results, we concluded that D/DA did not induce bacterial reverse mutation or clastogenicity in vitro in the range of concentrations evaluated in these experiments.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.99-107
• /
• 2016

Triclosan is an antimicrobial or sanitizing agent used in personal care and household products such as toothpaste, soaps, mouthwashes and kitchen utensils. There are increasing evidence of the potentially harmful effects of triclosan in many systemic and cellular processes of the body. In this study, we investigated the effects of triclosan in the survivability of cultured rat neural stem cells (NSCs). Cortical cells from embryonic day 14 rat embryos were isolated and cultured in vitro. After stabilizing the culture, triclosan was introduced to the cells with concentrations ranging from $1{\mu}M$ to $50{\mu}M$ and in varied time periods. Thereafter, cell viability parameters were measured using MTT assay and PI staining. TCS decreased the cell viability of treated NSC in a concentration-dependent manner along with increased expressions of apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, while reduced expression of Bcl2. To explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of TCS in NSC, we measured the activation of MAPKs and intracellular ROS. TCS at $50{\mu}M$ induced the activations of both p38 and JNK, which may adversely affect cell survival. In contrast, the activities of ERK, Akt and PI3K, which are positively correlated with cell survival, were inhibited. Moreover, TCS at this concentration augmented the ROS generation in treated NSC and depleted the glutathione activity. Taken together, these results suggest that TCS can induce neurodegenerative effects in developing rat brains through mechanisms involving ROS activation and apoptosis initiation.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.205-211
• /
• 2007

This study was designed to investigate the suppressive effect of chlorophyll a on nitric oxide (NO) production and intracellular oxidative stress. In addition, chlorophyll a regulation of nuclear factor (NF) ${\kappa}B$ activation and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression were explored as potential mechanisms of NO suppression in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cell line. RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were preincubated with various concentrations ($0-10\;{\mu}g/ mL$) of chlorophyll a and stimulated with LPS to induce oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Treatment with chlorophyll a reduced the accumulation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), enhancing glutathione level and the activities of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and glutathione reductase in LPS-stimulated macrophages compared to LPS-only treated cells. NO production was significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05) with an $IC_{50}$ of $12.8\;{\mu}g/mL$. Treatment with chlorophyll a suppressed the levels of iNOS protein and its mRNA expression. The specific DNA binding activities of NFkB on nuclear extracts from chlorophyll a treated cells were significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner with an $IC_{50}$ of $10.7\;{\mu}g/mL$. Chlorophyll a ameliorates NO production and iNOS expression through the down-regulation of NFkB activity, which may be mediated by attenuated oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.293-302
• /
• 2020

Food safety has emerged as a growing concern for human health in recent times. Consuming contaminated food may lead to serious health problems, and therefore, a system for monitoring food freshness that is both non-detrimental to the quality of food and highly accurate is required to ensure that only high-quality fresh food packages are provided to the customers. This paper proposes a method to monitor and detect food quality using a compact smart sensor tag. The smart tag is composed of three ultra-low-power sensors, which monitor four major indicators of food freshness: temperature, humidity, and the concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases. An RF energy scavenging circuit is integrated into the smart sensor tag to harvest energy from radio waves at a high frequency of 13.56 MHz to supply sufficient power to the tag. Experimental results show that the proposed energy harvester can efficiently obtain energy at a distance of approximately 40 cm from a 4 W reader. In addition, the proposed smart sensor tag can operate without any battery, thereby eliminating the requirement of frequent battery replacement and consequently decreasing the cost. Meanwhile, the freshness of preserved pork is continuously monitored under two conditions--room temperature and refrigerator temperature--both of which are the most common temperatures under which food is generally stored. The food-monitoring experiments are conducted over a period of one week using the proposed battery-less tag. Based on the experimental results, the food assessment is classified into four categories: fresh, normal, low, and spoiled.