• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 2016

In rural area, our farmers confront decreasing benefits owing to imported crops and increased cost. Recently, the government encourage the 6th Industry that merges farming, rural resources, and information and communication technology. Therefor the government makes an investment in supplying 'smart greenhouse' in which a farmer monitor growing crops and environment information to control growing condition. The objective of this study is developing an Moving Monitor and Control System for crops in green House. This system includes a movable sensing unit, a controlling unit, and a server PC unit. The movable sensing unit contains high resolution IP camera, temperature and humidity sensor and WiFi repeater. It rolls on a rail hanging beneath the ceiling of a green house. The controlling unit contains embedded PC, PLC module, WiFi router, and BLDC motor to drive the movable sensing unit. And the server PC unit contains a integrated farm management software and home pages and databases in which the images of crops and environment informations. The movable sensing unit moves widely in a green house and gathers lots of information. The server saves these informations and provides them to customers with the direct commercing web page. This system will help farmers to control house environment and sales their crops in online market. Eventually It will be helpful for farmers to increase their benefits.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.452-459
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• 2022

One of the important factors among the smart farm factors is environmental measurement. This study tried to design an environmental measurement monitoring system through Bluetooth wireless communication with LoRa using the open source programs Arduino, App Inventor, and Node Red. This system consists of Arduino, LoRa shield, temperature and humidity sensor (SHT10), and carbon dioxide sensor (K30). The environmental measurement system is configured as a system that allows the sensor to collect environmental data and transmit it to the user through wireless communication to conveniently monitor the farm environment. As libraries used in the Arduino program, LoRa.h, Sensirion.h, LiquidCrystal_I2C.h and K30_I2C.h were used. When receiving environmental data from the sensor at regular intervals, coding using average value was used for data stabilization. An Android-based app was developed using Node Red and App Inventor program as the user interface. It can be seen that the environmental data for the sensor is well collected with the screen output to the serial screen of Arduino, the screen of the smartphone, and the user interface of Node Red. Through these open source-based platforms and programs will be applied to various agricultural applications.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.215-219
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• 2021

Recently a system for nondestructive measurement of seedling plants in real time has been attracting attention as an essential element in fields such as the "smart farm". This study reports the simultaneous measurement of anthocyanin accumulations in leaf tissues in a large number of bok choy, using a hyperspectral imaging system. To measure many seedlings simultaneously, an existing hyperspectral imaging system is modified. In this paper, a total of 96 seedlings are measured: 24 each of 4 cultivars. Using the hyperspectral data-acquisition system, 12 seedlings can be analyzed simultaneously within 3 minutes. The hyperspectral imaging technology proposed in this paper is shown to provide an analytic system comparable to destructive chemical analysis. This hyperspectral imaging technology can be applied to a high-throughput plant-phenotyping system, owing to its capability of measuring a large number of specimens at the same time.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.67-77
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• 2022

Recently, the trend in structural analysis and design is moving towards the development of reliable system. The reliability-based method defines various limit states related to usability and failure, thereby enabling multiple levels of design according to the importance of a structure. Meanwhile, an actual structure is composed of a set of several elements, and particularly, a frame type is composed of a system in which the members are connected each other. At this time, the actual connection between members is in a semi-rigid condition, not in complete rigid or hinged. This semi-rigid is found in several structures, especially in agricultural facilities designed with lightweight materials. In this study, a system reliability analysis technique for frame structure was established, and applied to an analysis of the semi-rigid connection. Various conditions of correlation were applied to reflect the connectivity between members, and through this, the limitations of existing structural analysis method and the behavioral characteristics of structure were analyzed. The failure probability of the frame member component and the overall structure system was significantly different in consideration of the semi-rigid connection. In addition, it was evaluated that the behavior of structure can be more accurately analyzed if the correlation according to the position of members in a system is further investigated.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2016

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the push-out bond strength and dentinal tubule penetration of root canal sealers used with coated core materials and conventional gutta-percha. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 single-rooted human mandibular incisors were instrumented with NiTi rotary files with irrigation of 2.5% NaOCl. The smear layer was removed with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Specimens were assigned into four groups according to the obturation system: Group 1, EndoRez (Ultradent Product Inc.); Group 2, Activ GP (Brasseler); Group 3, SmartSeal (DFRP Ltd. Villa Farm); Group 4, AH 26 (Dentsply de Trey)/gutta-percha (GP). For push-out bond strength measurement, two horizontal slices were obtained from each specimen (n = 20). To compare dentinal tubule penetration, remaining 32 roots assigned to 4 groups as above were obturated with 0.1% Rhodamine B labeled sealers. One horizontal slice was obtained from the middle third of each specimen (n = 8) and scanned under confocal laser scanning electron microscope. Tubule penetration area, depth, and percentage were measured. Kruskall-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. Results: EndoRez showed significantly lower push-out bond strength than the others (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found amongst the groups in terms of percentage of sealer penetration. SmartSeal showed the least penetration than the others (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The bond strength and sealer penetration of resin-and glass ionomer-based sealers used with coated core was not superior to resin-based sealer used with conventional GP. Dentinal tubule penetration has limited effect on bond strength. The use of conventional GP with sealer seems to be sufficient in terms of push-out bond strength.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.37-49
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• 2023

The drought risk has been increasing recently due to climate change causing the extreme climate to be more frequent. In order to supply agricultural water stably under drought, it is necessary to operate an agricultural reservoir in response to drought. To this end, it is crucial to establish appropriate drought response operation rules considering weather conditions and reservoir status. In the reservoir operation simulation, the supply amount differs from the actual reservoir supply for many reasons, including maintaining water levels for supply and accommodating farmers' requests. So, for a more realistic reservoir operation simulation, it is necessary to reflect the reservoir operation rules of the actual water management site. Therefore, in this study, through a survey, the standards for limitation of agricultural water supply applied to agricultural reservoirs in Korea were investigated, and the criteria for drought response reservoir operation (DRO) were established based on the survey. Then, the DRO was applied to the irrigation period for nine subject reservoirs. The applicability was evaluated by comparing the DRO result to the operation result of HOMWRS (Hydrological Operation Model for Water Resources System). The reservoir drought index, storage rate, and daily supply were compared for evaluation. From the result, DRO showed more stable operation results in most cases against drought as it has fewer days of water supply limitation and a somewhat reservoir storage rate which can be utilized for prolonged drought.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.59-75
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• 2019

This study was carried out to explore the 4th Industrial Revolution technology from the perspective of the landscape industry to provide the basic data necessary to increase the virtuous circle value. The 4th Industrial Revolution, the characteristics of the landscape industry and urban regeneration were considered and the methodology was established and studied including the technical classification system suitable for systematic research, which was selected as a framework. First, the 4th Industrial Revolution technology based on digital data was selected, which could be utilized to increase the value of the virtuous circle for the landscape industry. From 'Element Technology Level', and 'Core Technology' such as the Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Robot, 'Peripheral Technology', Virtual or Augmented Reality, Drones, 3D 4D Printing, and 3D Scanning were highlighted as the 4th Industrial Revolution technology. It has been shown that it is possible to increase the value of the virtuous circle when applied at the 'Trend Level', in particular to the landscape industry. The 'System Level' was analyzed as a general-purpose technology, and based on the platform, the level of element technology(computers, and smart devices) was systematically interconnected, and illuminated with the 4th Industrial Revolution technology based on digital data. The application of the 'Trend Level' specific to the landscape industry has been shown to be an effective technology for increasing the virtuous circle values. It is possible to realize all synergistic effects and implementation of the proposed method at the trend level applying the element technology level. Smart gardens, smart parks, etc. have been analyzed to the level they should pursue. It was judged that Smart City, Smart Home, Smart Farm, and Precision Agriculture, Smart Tourism, and Smart Health Care could be highly linked through the collaboration among technologies in adjacent areas at the Trend Level. Additionally, various utilization measures of related technology applied at the Trend Level were highlighted in the process of urban regeneration, public service space creation, maintenance, and public service. In other words, with the realization of ubiquitous computing, Hyper-Connectivity, Hyper-Reality, Hyper-Intelligence, and Hyper-Convergence were proposed, reflecting the basic characteristics of digital technology in the landscape industry can be achieved. It was analyzed that the landscaping industry was effectively accommodating and coordinating with the needs of new characters, education and consulting, as well as existing tasks, even when participating in urban regeneration projects. In particular, it has been shown that the overall landscapig area is effective in increasing the virtuous circle value when it systems the related technology at the trend level by linking maintenance with strategic bridgehead. This is because the industrial structure is effective in distributing data and information produced from various channels. Subsequent research, such as demonstrating the fusion of the 4th Industrial Revolution technology based on the use of digital data in creation, maintenance, and service of actual landscape space is necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.83-96
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• 2021

This study analyzes the perception of public value created by Korea Rural Community Corporation, a representative public corporation in the agricultural and rural sector. We categorize agricultural and rural public values as 'stable food supply,' 'conservation of national environment and nature,' 'formation and cultivation of water resources,' 'prevention of soil loss and flooding,' 'conservation of ecological system,' 'conservation of rural tradition and culture.' For the qualitative analysis, we apply content analysis. And, for the quantitative analysis, we use topic modeling and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) analysis which is used widely in the field of text-mining. Results show that internal perception for value suppliers are mainly created for 'stable food supply,' 'formation and cultivation of water resources,' and 'conservation of rural tradition and culture.' External perception for value demanders are created for all public values, but its evaluation and demand include various aspects including both positive and negative opinions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2023

Street trees have been incorporated into urban forests to regulate the microclimate and provide shade as well as provide aesthetic and environmental functions and to evaluate their physiological characteristics. Zelkova serrata is a major tree species that has been planted on various South Korean streets. We determined the physiological characteristics of Z. serrata in street trees of Goyang and Paju in Gyeonggi Province. According to survey sites, net CO₂ assimilation rates was 13.9-16.4 µmol CO₂ m^-2s^-1, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was 0.80-0.82, and proline contents was showed 3.4-3.7 mg g^-1 FW. The studied trees were assumed to be physiologically stressed, but it was found that Z. serrata was planted as street trees were not significantly stressed when compared to chlorophyll fluorescence responses and proline contents. In the future, the continuous monitoring system is needed to evaluate the physiological characteristics of urban trees.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.35-40
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• 2022

In the agricultural environment, pesticide control requires a high risk of work and a high labor force for farmers. The effectiveness of pesticide control using unmanned aerial vehicles varies according to climate, land type, and characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles. Therefore, an effective method for pesticide control by unmanned aerial vehicles considering the spraying conditions and environmental conditions is required. In this paper, we propose an efficient pesticide control system based on agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles considering the application conditions and environmental information for each crop. The effectiveness of the proposed model was demonstrated by measuring the drop uniformity of pesticides according to the change in altitude and speed after attaching the sensory paper and measuring the penetration rate of the drug inside the canopy according to the change in crop growth conditions. Experiment result, the closer the height of the UAV is to the ground, the more evenly the crops are sprayed, but for safety reasons, 2m more is suitable, and on average a speed of 2m/s is most suitable for control. The proposed control system is expected to help develop intelligent services based on the use of various unmanned aerial vehicles in agricultural environments.