• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.449-453
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• 2021

Interest and investment in renewable energy have increased worldwide, highlighting the need for renewable energy. Solar energy was the most promising energy of all renewable energy sources, and it has the highest investment value. Because photovoltaics require a certain amount of area for installation, high density and high output performance are required. Shingled module is a promising technology in that they are featured by higher density and higher output compared to the conventional modules. Shingled technology uses a laser scribing to divide solar cells that are to be bonded with electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) to produce and connect strings, which has a higher output in the same area than the conventional modules. In the process of producing solar modules, metal ribbons are used to interconnect cells, but they are also needed for string connections in shingled solar cells. Accordingly, in this study, we researched the interconnection that best suits the connector that joins the string to the string. The module outputs produced under the conditions of the string interconnection were compared and analyzed.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2021

Purpose: How to build the positive emotion of customer is very important, because it affects the positive attitude. Brand evidence has a significant impact on consumer behavior in terms of reinforcing consumers' perception of food service companies and differentiating them from competing brands. Thus, this study examines the effect of brand evidence on emotion (positive emotion and negative emotion), and attitude in restaurant industry. Research design, data, and methodology: This study examines the structural relationship among brand evidence, emotion, and attitude. Brand evidence divide into three sub-dimensions such as physical evidence, core service, and employee service. In order to test the purposes of this study, research model and hypotheses were developed. The questionnaire items were modified and used according to the content of this study based on previous studies. All constructs were measured by multiple items tested and developed in the previous research. The data were collected from 439 restaurant users from Seoul area were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 program. A total of 460 questionnaires were distributed and a survey was conducted for 4 weeks, and a total of 439 were used for analysis, excluding non-response data and 21 unusable response data among the collected questionnaires. Frequency analysis was conducted to identify the general characteristics of the survey subjects. To measure the reliability and validity of the measurement tools, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Structural model analysis was conducted to verify the research model. Result: The findings demonstrate that physical evidence, core service, employee service had positive effects on positive emotion. And core service and employee service had negative effects on negative emotion while physical evidence did not have. Also, positive emotion had positive effect on attitude and negative emotion had negative effect on attitude. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide guidelines on how to enhance competitiveness in restaurant industry through understanding brand evidence's effects on raising perceived consumer's emotion and attitude. Therefore, food service companies should establish a marketing strategy that can stimulate positive emotions through brand evidence, which is all factors related to service brands that influence consumers' evaluation of service products and purchase decision-making process.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.23-34
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• 2020

This study aims to verify the mediating effect of mobile social participation on the relationship between the mobile device capability and life satisfaction. Using the data of 2018 Digital Divide Survey conducted by the National Information Society Agency(NIA), the mediating effect was verified by Baron & Kenny (1986)'s 3 step process, targeting 1,665 middle and older aged adults. The result is as follows: first, the mobile device capability of the middle and older aged people has a positive effect on life satisfaction. Second, the effect of the mobile device capability of middle and older aged people on life satisfaction is partially mediated by mobile social participation including expressing opinions on social concerns, proposing policies and filing a civil complaint, donation and volunteering work and online voting and responding to a poll. The result represents that the mobile device, such as a smart phone or a smart pad, capability of the middle and older aged group not only directly benefits the group but also helps expand their mobile social participation, which leads to, although indirectly, higher life satisfaction. Therefore, the study is expected to be a groundwork for a practical intervention for enlarging the use of mobile device and lifting digital information level of the elderly to encourage mobile social participation and drive life satisfaction.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2019

Purpose - As the growth potential of the cultural contents industry steadily grows, the cinemas industry is growing fast especially due to popularity and commerciality. The recent in the cinemas industry is evolving on multiplex cinemas that combine cultural facilities such as theaters, restaurants, and shopping centers. Due to the rapid growth of multiplex cinemas, many researchers have studied the characteristics of visiting customers in Korea. Among them, selection attribute of multiplex cinemas, including the service quality and physical environment, is important because it may examines the cause of customer 's behavior. Thus, this research focuses on the effects of the selection attributes of the multiplex cinemas on customer satisfaction and their loyalty. This research suggests the guidelines for how cinemas should manage their customers and build their customers satisfaction and loyalty that improve business performance. Research design, data, and methodology - This study tests the structural relationship between selection attributes of multiplex cinemas, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. selection attributes of multiplex cinemas divide into five sub-dimensions such as movies facility quality, services, cleanliness, accessibility, and snack bars quality. In order to examine the purposes of this research, research model and hypotheses were developed. All constructs were measured with multiple items developed and tested in the previous studies. The data were collected from 100 students in their 10-20s and were analyzed using SPSS 22.0, SmartPLS 3.0 and fsQCA program. Result - The findings of this research are as follows. First, all selection attributes except cleanliness have significant positive impacts on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Second, customer satisfaction has significant positive impact on loyalty. Third, as a result of fsQCA, high satisfaction and high accessibility were the necessary conditions on loyalty. Fourth, the necessary conditions for male and female groups were different. Conclusions - The implications of this study are as follows. Overall, multiplex cinemas should manage selection attributes basically regardless of the type of theater. Especially, cleanliness was not significant, but the customer probably consider it an essential and basic factors. Also, they are able to manage the selection attributes differently depending on the type of gender. For the male customers, it is effective that centralized strategy and for female customers, it is effective that emphasized the multiplex cinemas image.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.19-29
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• 2019

Purpose: In beauty industry, service quality is very critical, because it impacts on the customer's positive attitude and behavior to the beauty salon or beauty brand. Thus, this research examines the effects of service attributes on customer satisfaction and loyalty in beauty salon. This research suggests the guidelines for how beauty salons should manage their physical environment, price policy, professional skills, and employees that improve management and business performance. Research design, data, and methodology: This study examines the structural relationship between service attributes, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. Service attributes divide into four sub-dimensions such as servicescape, price service, technical service, and employee service. In order to test the purposes of this research, research model and hypotheses were developed. All constructs were measured with multiple items developed and examined in previous studies. A total of 160 questionnaires were distributed and collected, and 150 were used for analysis except 10 that were unresponsive or unfaithful. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 statistical package program. Result: The results of this research are as follows. First, all sub-dimensions of service attributes such as servicescape, price service, technical service, and employee service have significant positive impacts on satisfaction. Second, customer satisfaction have significant impact on loyalty. Conclusions: This study suggests an integrated model of the relationship that the characteristics of beauty salon service attributes affect customer loyalty through satisfaction, and suggests how to manage and allocate limited resources in the beauty industry. The findings of this research indicate that the level of customer satisfaction is shown to be increased by servicescape, technical characteristics, value of money, and human attributes. Thus, beauty salon management should focus on the relationship with their customers how to improve customer loyalty through satisfaction. The quality of beauty service influences customer's attitudes and behaviors toward beauty salon. Considering the beauty business, where the quality and customer satisfaction of beauty services are determined by the hairdresser's beauty skills,, the beauty salons must find ways to improve their skills and new trend of hair style. If beauty salon customers perceive the high quality of beauty service, they revisit beauty salon and recommend it to others.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.419-430
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• 2023

Currently, NFTs have no dominant application except for the proof of ownership for digital content, and it also have small liquidity problem, which makes their price difficult to predict. Real estate usually has very high barriers to investment due to its high pricing. Real estate can be converted into NFTs and also divided into small value fungible tokens (FTs), and it can increase the the volume of the investor community due to more liquidity and better accessibility. In this document, we implement and design a system that allows ordinary users can invest on high priced real estate utilizing Black Litterman (BL) model-based Portfolio investment interface. To this end, we target a set of real estates pegged as collateral and issue NFT for the collateral using blockchain. We use oracle to get the current real estate information and to monitor varying real estate prices. After tokenizing real estate into NFTs, we divide the NFTs into easily accessible price FTs, thereby, we can lower prices and provide large liquidity with price volatility limited. In addition, we also implemented BL based asset portfolio interface for effective portfolio composition for investing in multiple of real estates with small investments. Using BL model, investors can fix the asset portfolio. We implemented the whole system using Solidity smart contracts on Flask web framework with public data portals as oracle interfaces.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.69-94
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• 2017

Recently, increase of demand for big data analysis has been driving the vigorous development of related technologies and tools. In addition, development of IT and increased penetration rate of smart devices are producing a large amount of data. According to this phenomenon, data analysis technology is rapidly becoming popular. Also, attempts to acquire insights through data analysis have been continuously increasing. It means that the big data analysis will be more important in various industries for the foreseeable future. Big data analysis is generally performed by a small number of experts and delivered to each demander of analysis. However, increase of interest about big data analysis arouses activation of computer programming education and development of many programs for data analysis. Accordingly, the entry barriers of big data analysis are gradually lowering and data analysis technology being spread out. As the result, big data analysis is expected to be performed by demanders of analysis themselves. Along with this, interest about various unstructured data is continually increasing. Especially, a lot of attention is focused on using text data. Emergence of new platforms and techniques using the web bring about mass production of text data and active attempt to analyze text data. Furthermore, result of text analysis has been utilized in various fields. Text mining is a concept that embraces various theories and techniques for text analysis. Many text mining techniques are utilized in this field for various research purposes, topic modeling is one of the most widely used and studied. Topic modeling is a technique that extracts the major issues from a lot of documents, identifies the documents that correspond to each issue and provides identified documents as a cluster. It is evaluated as a very useful technique in that reflect the semantic elements of the document. Traditional topic modeling is based on the distribution of key terms across the entire document. Thus, it is essential to analyze the entire document at once to identify topic of each document. This condition causes a long time in analysis process when topic modeling is applied to a lot of documents. In addition, it has a scalability problem that is an exponential increase in the processing time with the increase of analysis objects. This problem is particularly noticeable when the documents are distributed across multiple systems or regions. To overcome these problems, divide and conquer approach can be applied to topic modeling. It means dividing a large number of documents into sub-units and deriving topics through repetition of topic modeling to each unit. This method can be used for topic modeling on a large number of documents with limited system resources, and can improve processing speed of topic modeling. It also can significantly reduce analysis time and cost through ability to analyze documents in each location or place without combining analysis object documents. However, despite many advantages, this method has two major problems. First, the relationship between local topics derived from each unit and global topics derived from entire document is unclear. It means that in each document, local topics can be identified, but global topics cannot be identified. Second, a method for measuring the accuracy of the proposed methodology should be established. That is to say, assuming that global topic is ideal answer, the difference in a local topic on a global topic needs to be measured. By those difficulties, the study in this method is not performed sufficiently, compare with other studies dealing with topic modeling. In this paper, we propose a topic modeling approach to solve the above two problems. First of all, we divide the entire document cluster(Global set) into sub-clusters(Local set), and generate the reduced entire document cluster(RGS, Reduced global set) that consist of delegated documents extracted from each local set. We try to solve the first problem by mapping RGS topics and local topics. Along with this, we verify the accuracy of the proposed methodology by detecting documents, whether to be discerned as the same topic at result of global and local set. Using 24,000 news articles, we conduct experiments to evaluate practical applicability of the proposed methodology. In addition, through additional experiment, we confirmed that the proposed methodology can provide similar results to the entire topic modeling. We also proposed a reasonable method for comparing the result of both methods.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38B no.5
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• pp.394-400
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• 2013

WoT (Web of Things) was proposed to realize intelligent thing to thing communications using WEB standard technology. It is difficult to adapt security protocols suited for existing Internet communications into WoT directly because WoT includes LLN(Low-power, Lossy Network) and resource constrained sensor devices. Recently, IETF standard group propose to use DTLS protocol for supporting security services in WoT environments. However, DTLS protocol is not an efficient solution for supporting end to end security in WoT since it introduces complex handshaking procedures and high communication overheads. We, therefore, divide WoT environment into two areas- one is DTLS enabled area and the other is an area using lightweight security scheme in order to improve them. Then we propose a mutual authentication scheme and a session key distribution scheme for the second area. The proposed system utilizes a smart device as a mobile gateway and WoT proxy. In the proposed authentication scheme, we modify the ISO 9798 standard to reduce both communication overhead and computing time of cryptographic primitives. In addition, our scheme is able to defend against replay attacks, spoofing attacks, select plaintext/ciphertext attacks, and DoS attacks, etc.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2018

Purpose - In franchise system, how to build the relationship between the franchisor and franchisee through influence strategy is very important, because it affects on the long-term orientation like recontract intentions. Thus, this study examines the effect of mandatory influence strategy on relationship satisfaction, relationship trust, and recontract intentions in the context of food-service franchise industry. This study suggests the guidelines on how franchisor uses their influence strategy on franchisee to maintain and increase the recontract intentions. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examines the structural relationship between mandatory influence strategy, relationship satisfaction, relationship trust, and recontract intentions from the franchisee's perspective. Mandatory influence strategy divide into three sub-dimensions such as request, legalistic plea, threat. In order to test the purposes of this study, research model and hypotheses were developed. Every constructs were measured by multiple items tested and developed in the previous research. Also, the constructs utilized in this research are measured using 7-point scales anchored by "1=strongly disagree" and 7=strongly agree". The data were collected from 496 owner and owner manager franchisees and were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and Smart PLS 3.0. program. Analysis of frequency was conducted to identify the demographics and general characteristics of the survey subjects. In order to measure the reliability and validity of the measurement tools, confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis were conducted and structural model analysis was conducted to verify the proposed research model. Result - The results of this study are as follows. First, this research found that mandatory influence strategy is positively related to relationship satisfaction and relationship trust, but not to recontract intention directly. Second, this research also found that the full mediating role of relationship satisfaction and relationship trust between the mandatory influence strategy and recontract intention. Conclusions - The findings of this research indicate that franchisor should use properly mandatory influence strategy to improve recontract intentions through relationship satisfaction and relationship trust. Due to the nature of food-service franchise industry, which needs high relationship quality, franchisor must manage their franchisee using influence strategy in order to improve satisfaction and trust. If franchisee perceives higher relationship quality, they will show higher intention to recontract. At the end of this paper, limitations and future research directions were suggested.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.21-32
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• 2017

Purpose - In hotel business, how to build the relationship between leader and employees is very important, because it affects on the customer satisfaction. Thus, this research examines the effect of authentic leadership on job performance in the context of hotel industry and identifies mediating roles of organizational engagement, job satisfaction, and creativity in the relationship between authentic leadership and job performance. This study suggests the guidelines for how hotel companies should improve employee productivity and build a desirable organizational culture by presenting employee attitudes and behavioral models that explain the relationship between leaders and employees. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examines the structural relationship between authentic leadership, organizational engagement, job satisfaction, creativity, and job performance from the employee's perspective. Authentic leadership divide into four sub-dimensions such as self-awareness, balanced process of informations, internalized moral perspective, and relational transparency. In order to test the purposes of this study, research model and hypotheses were developed. All constructs were measured with multiple items developed and tested in the previous studies. The data were collected from 114 franchise hotel employees and were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and Smart PLS 3.0. program. Result - The results of this study are as follows. First, authentic leadership have significant impacts on organizational engagement and creativity, but does not have impact on job satisfaction directly. Second, organizational engagement have significant impacts on job satisfaction and job performance, but does not have impact on creativity directly. Third, job satisfaction has significant impact on creativity, but does not have impact on job performance. Fourth, creativity has significant impact on job performance. Conclusions - The findings of this study indicate that hotel leaders should properly implement the authentic leadership and consider how to build a corporate culture to improve an organizational and employee productivity through authentic leadership. Due to the nature of the hotel industry, which relies heavily on human resources, hotel companies must manage their employees with authenticity in order to increase organizational engagement, job satisfaction, and creativity that affect hotel and employee productivity. If hotel employees perceive their leader's authentic leadership, they show more organizational engagement that increases creativity and leads to job performance. Finally, hotel employees can propose creative ideas only if they will be satisfied with their jobs. Therefore, the leader should develop non-monetary or monetary reward system for the employees and, make an efforts to foster creativity of the employees.