• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.865-872
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• 2009

슬러지의 감량과 최종처분 기술 개발을 위해 실험실 규모 호기성 소화공정을 279일간 운전하였다. 혐기성 소화 슬러지를 원료로 $40^{\circ}C$에서 120분간 알칼리 전처리하여 호기성 소화조에 유입시켰다. 유입 슬러지 성상과 HRT의 변화에 따라 소화효율의 변화가 있었으며 적정 HRT는 6일인 것으로 나타났다. 이때 $NH_3$-N, SCOD, TKN, TCOD, SS, VSS의 평균 제거율(소화조 유입 슬러지 기준)은 각각 97.4%, 81.7%, 68.7%, 61.4%, 50.6%, 47.0% 이었다. SS는 전처리와 호기성 소화를 통해 원료 슬러지(23,920 mg/L)의 73.9% 감량화가 가능하였다. 처리 슬러지는 약 350 mg/L의 SCOD를 포함하고 있어 액비로 활용하기에 무리가 없을 것으로 판단되었다. HRT를 5일 이상으로 유지할 경우 질산화 반응이 활성화되었으며 최대 658 mg/L의 유출 슬러지 질산성 질소 농도를 얻을 수 있었다. 암모니아성 질소 농도는 20 mg/L 내외로 크게 감소하였다.

• 청정기술
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 zeolite를 활성슬러지 공정에 주입할 경우 zeolite가 biofloc에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 두 반응기를 동일 조건으로 운전하였으며 하나는 표준 활성슬러지 공정 (CU)으로, 다른 하나는 zeolite를 폭기조내 4,000 mg/l로 유지 (ZU)하며 비교하였다. 슬러지 플럭 입경을 측정한 결과, 두 반응기 모두 SRT (Solid Retention Time)가 증가함에 따라 플럭 크기도 비례하여 증가하였으나 ZU가 모든 조건에서 CU보다 작은 평균 입경을 나타내었다. 한편, 두 반응기에 대해 슬러지 침전성을 비교한 결과, ZU는 SRT변화에 관계없이 3.4~11m/h의 침전속도를 나타내며 SVI(Sludge Volume Index)도 50~108 ml/g으로 양호한 침전상태를 보였다. 그러나 CU는 SRT 증가에 따라 슬러지 침전성이 큰 영향을 받았고 SRT 40일에서 Sphaerotilus가 우점종을 나타내었으며 이 결과, 슬러지가 전혀 침전하지 않았다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.18-23
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• 2004

In this research, a 2-stage intermittently aerated activated sludge system(IA) and intermittently aerated dynamic flow activated sludge system(DF) were investigated for the removal of nutrients in domestic wastewater. Wastewater was characterized by low C/N( organics/nitrogen) ratio. $COD_{cr}$, $BOD_s$, TKN and TP concentrations of domestic wastewater were 235, 47, 32 and 5.4 mg/L, respectively. Three sets of IA and one set of DF were operated. Three of four systems were added with fermented settled sludge taken from primary settling tank as an external electron donor and the other(IA) for control reactor was operated without addition of electron donor. All systems were operated at same sludge retention time of 20 days and hydraulic retention time of 12hrs. The supplemental electron donor was supplied into the anoxic mode. A higher denitrification rate was observed from the reactors with fermented settled sludge as an electron donor for denitrification compared to that of without addition of organic source. The result of this study indicates that the settled primary sludge, if the fermented at the acid stage, was an excellent electron donor for denitrification. 81 % of TN and 80% of TP were removed from the systems with the supplemental organic source added. However, the control reactor without addition of electron donor showed only 39% of TN and 43% of TP.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2022

현대의 환경문제는 다량의 폐기물의 발생과 무분별한 에너지의 소비로 인한 환경오염이 가속화 되고 있다는 것이다. 대표적인 에너지 생산 연료인 화석연료는 에너지를 생산하는 과정에서 연소가 이루어져 다량의 온실가스가 발생하고 최종적으로 기후변화를 야기한다. 또한 전 세계적으로 발생하는 폐기물의 양도 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며 처리하는 과정에서 환경오염이 발생하고 있다. 이와 같은 문제들을 동시에 해결하기 위한 방법 중 하나는 유기성 폐기물의 에너지화 및 감량화이다. 하수처리장에서 발생하는 하수슬러지는 해양매립이 전면 금지된 이후로 다양하게 처리되고 있으나, 그 발생량은 지속적으로 증가하는 추세이다. 하수슬러지는 유기물을 다량 함유하고 있어 혐기소화를 통하여 하수슬러지를 에너지화 하고 최종 배출되는 폐기물을 감량화 하는 것이 바람직하다. 하지만, 잉여슬러지의 경우 대부분이 하수처리에 이용되었던 미생물 덩어리로써 잉여슬러지가 혐기성소화 되기 위해서는 먼저 미생물의 세포벽이 파괴되어야 하는데 세포벽 파괴에는 많은 시간이 요구되기 때문에 혐기성 소화 과정만으로는 높은 바이오가스 생산율이나 폐기물 감량율을 달성할 수 없다. 따라서 잉여슬러지를 가용화하는 전처리 공정이 필요하며, 여러 가지 가용화 공법 중에서 열적 가용화 공정이 가장 효율적인 것으로 검증되었고, 혐기성소화 공정의 전처리 과정으로써 열적가용화 공정을 이용하여 잉여슬러지에 포함된 세포벽을 파괴한 후 전처리 된 잉여슬러지를 혐기성소화 함으로써 높은 바이오가스 생산율과 폐기물 감량율을 달성할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 열적 가용화장치를 통하여 TS 10%의 농축 잉여슬러지를 전처리하는데 있어서 체류시간 및 운전온도 변수에 따른 가용화 특성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 열적 가용화장치의 체류시간에 대한 실험변수는 운전온도를 160 ℃로 고정한 상태에서 각각 30분, 60분, 90분, 120분이었다. 실험 결과로 도출된 TCOD와 SCOD를 통해 계산된 가용화율은 각각 12.11%, 20.52%, 28.62%, 31.40% 순으로 증가하였다. 또한, 운전온도에 따른 변수는 반응시간을 60분으로 고정한 상태에서 각각 120℃, 140℃, 160℃, 180℃, 200℃였으며 가용화율은 각각 7.14%, 14.52%, 20.52%, 40.72%, 57.85% 순으로 증가하였다. 이 외에 TS, VS, T-N, T-P, NH₄⁺-N, VFAs를 분석하여 농축 잉여슬러지를 대상으로 하는 열적 가용화 특성에 대한 평가를 수행 했으며, 그 결과 TS 10%의 농축 잉여슬러지에 대한 열적 가용화를 통하여 30% 이상의 가용화율을 얻기 위해서는 운전온도를 160℃로 고정할 경우 120분의 체류시간이 필요하며, 운전시간을 60분으로 고정할 경우 170℃ 이상의 운전온도가 요구되어 진다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1994

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of digestion temperature on the settleability and dewaterability of anaerobically digested sludge. The digesters were operated at a hydraulic retention time of 20 days with a loading rate of 0.63~0.66kg volatile solids per cubic meter per day at the temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$. A mixed primary and secondary municipal sludge was used as a feed. The interface height of the sludge during settling test was recorded to identify settleability. As a measure of dewaterability of the sludge, specific resistance and capillary suction time were also measured with and without chemical conditioning. Higher digestion efficiency was obtained at $55^{\circ}C$ than $35^{\circ}C$. However, the settleability and dewaterability of the sludge at $35^{\circ}C$ were quite higher than those of the sludge digested at $55^{\circ}C$. The optimum dosages of ferric chloride for sludge conditioning were 0.4% and 0.6% at $35^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, respectively. The filtrate COD of the sludge digested at $55^{\circ}C$ was higher than at $35^{\circ}C$, which means that poor dewaterability of the sludge result in high filtrate COD.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.172-179
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• 1999

In this research, biological treatability test was conduced using seawater flocculated tannery wastewater by fixed biofilm reactor. During one cycle, the removal efficiency of organic corbon obtained with fixed biofilm process for treating tannery wastewater was considerably greater than that with activated sludge process. As the hydraulic retention time increased form 0.5day to 4day, removal efficiency of organic carbon was increased from 72% to 87.3%. Attached biomass in media increased with influent organic loading up to 29g MLSS/L, that could reduce the specific organic loading rate. The continual measurement of attached biomass was possible for the operation of the biofilm reactor. Equal and low nitrication rates were observed in both suspended growth activated sludge process and fixed biofilm process, despite commercial nitrifier was seeded. Through the process of treating the tannery wastewater, EC50 values which is measured by the use of Ceriopdaphnia dubia, were decreased to the extent of 50% after treatment of seawater flocculation and of 83% after biological treatment, respectively, compared to those of the untreated wastewater.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.134-139
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• 2006

Partial nitirification and denitrification process has been reported to be technically feasible and economically favorable, especially for wastewater treatment with high ammonium concentration or low Carbon/Nitrogen ratio. This research was performed to survey nitrite accumulation by nitritation in treating ADEPT effluent of piggery wastewater, which contains highly concentrated ammonia. To estimate the possibility of nitrite accumulation, DO concentration and SRT were investigated as key operational parameters. This result proved that nitritation to nitrite was steadily obtained under short sludge retention time. Oxygen limitation was proved to be just a subsidiary parameter. Energy efficiency of nitritation-denitritation process was higher than complete nitrification-denitrification because external carbon requirement for denitritation could be saved. Though the influent contained significant nonbiodegradable organic substrate, total nitrogen removal efficiency was more than 51% in nitritation-denitritation system.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 2002년도 추계 총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.158-161
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• 2002

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.28-33
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate factors affecting anaerobic digestion enhancement of waste activated sludge(WAS). In order to this investigation, the degradability and rupture of microorganisms cell present in WAS, and mesophilic anaerobic digestion(MAD) of these compounds, were also evaluated. The micro-organisms cell in WAS were ruptured by a mechanical jet stream and smashed under pressure of 30 bar. The rupture level of micro-organisms cell in WAS were determined using phosphate, soluble protein and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD)concentrations. It was found that the rupture level of micro- organisms cell within WAS increased with increasing pretreatment times, and the pretreated WAS once under pressure of 30 bar resulted in an increase in VS removal and methane production of 5%, 9% over the intact WAS of 35%, 71%, respectively, in batchwise MAD of 6-day and 14-day retention time. With the pretreatment and MAD of 6-day retention time used, mesophlic bioconvertibility as the biogasification of WAS were found to be significantly higher biogas of 1, 850 ml than 300 ml under intact WAS. In conclusion it can be stated mechanical pretreatment enhances WAS bioconvertibility, while under identical treatment conditions, resulted in a considerable decrease in the bioconvertibility of intact WAS.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 1981

The characteristics of septic tank sludges were investigated and the kinetic coefficients in the aerobic biodegradation were evaluated from bach treatability tests. Using an unbiased statistical method, the estimated values, k (substrate removal rate coefficient) =0. 0175hr-1 at 17\ulcornerC, K. (Michaelis Menten constant) = 248mg/ e, a (cell yield coefficient)=0.625, and Kd (cell decay coefficient:' =0. 00192hr-1 were obtained based on biodegradable COD(mg/ \ulcorner) and volatile suspended solids(mg/\ulcorner). The relationship between COD and BOD, COD (mg/\ulcorner) =2. 1 BOD(mg/\ulcorner) +250, also was established for the septic tank sludges. Dilution was inevitable for the grit removal because of the high viscosity of the sludges. An aerobic activated sludge process rather than anaerobic processes was recommended for the removal of soluble organics after the removal of grit and suspended solids. A multi-stage activated sludge process was adapted for this highly concentrated and not easily-degradable waste. It was estimated that a four-stage activated sludge process would require 40 hours retention time compared to 92 hours for a single-stage process, 52 hours for a double-stage process, and 46 hours for a three stage process in order to achieve an effluent quality of 84mg/ e COD( 40mg/ e BOD) with about 4, OOOmg/ \ulcorner MLSS from an influent quality of I, 500mg/ t COD(714mg/.e BOD), while multi-stages beyond four stage would not save the required retention time significantly.