• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.3-10
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• 1999

생활하수처리장에서 발생하는 슬러지연소재(SA)에 정유공장의 폐촉매(RFCC)를 첨가시켜 제조하려는 실험.연구를 행하였다. SA만의 경우에는 $1250^{\circ}C$에서 열처리하였을 때 비중이 1.67인 골재를 얻을 수 있었으며, 부피팽창률은 승온속도에 큰 영향이 없었고 소성시간에 따라서는 다소 저하하는 경향을 보였다. SA에 RFCC를 10 wt% 첨가한 경우에 $1250^{\circ}C$에서 비중이 1.07인 경량골재를 얻을 수 있었으며 소성시간에 따라 부피팽창율이 다소 증가하였다. 경량골재를 제조하기 위한 최적 RFCC 첨가량은 10 wt%이었으며 최대 부피팽창율을 보인 조건은 승온속도; $20^{\circ}C/min$, 소성온도; $1250^{\circ}C$, 유지시간; 50분의 경우였다. RFCC의 첨가량에 따라 제조된 시편의 압축강도는 30 wt% RFCC>SA>20 wt% RFCC>10 wt% RFCC의 경향을 보였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.515-520
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• 2007

현재 슬러지의 처리는 주로 해양투기에 의해 진행되는데 런던협약에 의해 슬러지 내 중금속 함량에 따라 점진적으로 해양투기가 완전 금지되어진다. 이에 하수슬러지의 안정적 처리 방안이 시급히 검토되어야 한다. 그 대책으로 최근 슬러지의 능률적이고 친환경적인 처리를 위한 방법 중 하나로 활성화를 통한 흡착제 제조가 부각되고 있다. 본 연구는 하수슬러지를 수증기 활성화법을 이용하여 흡착제로 활용하기 위한 기초연구로서 양질의 흡착제를 제조하기 위한 변수별 연구를 통한 최적 활성화조건을 연구하였다. 그 결과 요오드 흡착능을 기준으로 하여 변수별 연구를 통해 수증기 주입량 30 mL/hr, 활성화 온도 $500^{\circ}C$, 활성화 시간 60분으로 선정되었다. 이 때 요오드 흡착능과 수율은 228.4 mg/g, 77.23%로 나타났다. 또한 질소 흡착, SEM, EDS를 이용하여 수증기 활성화에 따른 세공 발달, 비표면적, 평균 세공경 및 화학적 성상과 함량을 파악하였다. 수증기 활성화를 통해 발달되는 세공은 주로 미세 세공임을 확인하였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2012

우리나라는 1960년대에 들어서 경제개발계획의 수립과 더불어 산업발전 정책이 강력히 추진되기 시작하며 많은 산업단지가 조성되어 있다. 현재는 지속적인 발전이 가능한 산업단지로 만들기 위하여 정부에서는 산업단지에서 발생되는 부산물과 폐기물을 다른 기업의 원료나 에너지로 재활용하는 생태산업단지 구축사업을 추진하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 본 연구에서는 연구대상지역인 A 산업단지에서 발생되는 슬러지의 물리화학적 특성을 분석하였고, 슬러지의 에너지화 시설 설치에 따른 경제성 및 부대효과를 분석함으로써 사업화 가능성을 검토하였다. 연구대상지역인 A산업단지에서 발생되는 슬러지발생 업종의 비율은 92%가 석유 화학업종인 것으로 분석되었다. 이렇게 발생된 슬러지는 매립>소각>>재활용>해양투기의 순으로 처리되고 있는 것으로 조사되었으며 슬러지를 채취하여 분석한 결과 발생량 가중치 평균으로 3,891kcal/kg인 것으로 분석되었다. 분석된 기초 데이터를 바탕으로 건조시설과 열병합 발전소를 설치하여 운영 할 경우 설치비용, 운영비용, 운영이익을 산출하였고, 총 8가지 Case로 분류하여 흑자전환유무 및 그 시점에 대한 시뮬레이션을 하였다. 분석결과 건조시설과 열병합발전소를 설치 운영하며 국고지원을 받을 경우 3년에 원금회복 후 4년째부터 흑자를 나타낼 것으로 분석되어 사업화 경제성이 있는 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.305-309
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• 2005

고액분리기란 고형물을 함유한 폐수로부터 고체와 액체를 분리하는 장치로서, 수산가공폐기물, 축산분뇨 등과 같은 폐수의 효가적인 처리를 위해서는 고형물을 걸러내는 전처리 공정이 반드시 필요하다. 현재 많이 활용하고 있는 고액분리장치로는 경사스크린식, 드럼스크린식 등이 있으며, 이러한 방식은 고액분리 효율이 낮고 빈번히 발생하는 스크린의 눈막힘 현상 때문에 분리도중에 역세청 등의 부가적인 과정이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 진동 고액분리장치에서의 주된 문제점인 스크린의 눈막힘 현상을 해소하고, 최적의 고액분리효율을 얻기 위한 스크린구조, 가진구조와 방법, 진동주파수설정 등을 연구하고, 마이크로프로세서를 이용한 고액분리 자동화장치를 개발하고자 하였다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2012

Sediment has been increasingly acknowledged as a carrier in water system and an available contamination. For this reason, dredging of sediment in reservoir to remediate water quality and secure storage capacity is conducted annually. However, disposal of numerous dredged sediment is necessary as a secondary problem. Currently, in Korea, dredged sediment is classified as waste to be reclamated or recycled into sandy soil, however, they are still in trouble because of spacial and environmental problem. Therefore, rather than simple disposal or reuse into sandy soil, it is necessary to research on method to manage main cause of pollution and increase the value as a resource. In this study, we intend to develop a recycle technology for numerous dredged sediment produced by dredging in deteriorated reservoirs using solidificator (stabilizer). To achieve this, we will consider utilization of dredged sediment and evaluation of use possibility as natural recycle by analysis the characteristics of soil-solidificator mixture in terms of physicochemical properties and the mixing ratio between sediment and solidificator.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2017

This study estimated the nitrogen budget, including gaseous nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$), of South Korea in 2012~2014. The nitrogen budget was classified into three categories: agricultural and livestock, forest, and city. To estimate the nitrogen budget, several input and output parameters were investigated, including deposition, fixation, irrigation, chemical fertilizer use, compost, fuel, denitrification, volatilization, runoff, crop uptake, leaching, and $NO_x$ emissions. The annual nitrogen inputs from 2012 to 2014 were 6,202,828, 6,137,708, and 6,022,379 ton/yr, respectively. The corresponding annual nitrogen outputs were 1,393,763, 1,380,406, and 1,360,819 ton/yr, respectively, signifying a slight decrease from 2012 to 2014. $NO_x$ was the parameter contributing to the nitrogen budget to the greatest extent. The annual ratios of $NO_x$ emissions by vehicles, power plants, and businesses were 0.31, 0.31, and 0.30 in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. A change in government policy that prohibited the disposal of livestock manure and sewage sludge in the ocean from 2012 affected nitrogen budget profile. As a result, the ocean disposal ratio completely diminished, which differs from previous studies.

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 1998년도 가을 학술발표회 프로그램
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• pp.2-4
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• 1998

Proliferation of Nocardia amarae cells in activated sludge has often been associated with the generation of nuisance foams. Despite intense research activities in recent years to examine the causes and control of Nocardia foaming in activated sludge, the foaming continued to persist throughout the activated sludge treatment plants in United States. In addition to causing various operational problems to treatment processes, the presence of Nocardia may have secondary effects on the fate of heavy metals that are not well known. For example, for treatment plants facing more stringent metal removal requirements, potential metal removal by Nocardia cells in foaming activated sludge would be a welcome secondary effect. In contrast, with new viosolid disposal regulations in place (Code o( Federal Regulation No. 503), higher concentration of metals in biosolids from foaming activated sludge could create management problems. The goal of this research was to investigate the metal sorption property of Nocardia amarae cells grown in batch reactors and in chemostat reactors. Specific surface area and metal sorption characteristics of N. amarae cells harvested at various growth stages were compared. Three metals examined in this study were copper, cadmium and nickel. Nocardia amarae strain (SRWTP isolate) used in this study was obtained from the University of California at Berkeley. The pure culture was grown in 4L batch reactor containing mineral salt medium with sodium acetate as the sole carbon source. In order to quantify the sorption of heavy metal ions to N amarae cell surfaces, cells from the batch reactor were harvested, washed, and suspended in 30mL centrifuge tubes. Metal sorption studies were conducted at pH 7.0 and ionlc strength of 10-2M. The sorption Isotherm showed that the cells harvested from the stationary and endogenous growth phase exhibited significantly higher metal sorption capacity than the cells from the exponential phase. The sequence of preferential uptake of metals by N. amarae cells was Cu>Cd>Ni. The specific surFace area of Nocardia cells was determined by a dye adsorption method. N.amarae cells growing at ewponential phase had significantly less specific surface area than that of stationary phase, indicating that the lower metal sorption capacity of Nocardia cells growing at exponential phase may be due to the lower specific surface area. The growth conditions of Nocardia cells in continuous culture affect their cell surface properties, thereby governing the adsorption capacity of heavy metal. The comparison of dye sorption isotherms for Nocardia cells growing at various growth rates revealed that the cell surface area increased with increasing sludge age, indicating that the cell surface area is highly dependent on the steady-state growth rate. The highest specific surface area of 199m21g was obtained from N.amarae cell harvested at 0.33 day-1 of growth rate. This result suggests that growth condition not only alters the structure of Nocardia cell wall but also affects the surface area, thus yielding more binding sites of metal removal. After reaching the steady-state condition at dilution rate, metal adsorption isotherms were used to determine the equilibrium distributions of metals between aqueous and Nocardia cell surfaces. The metal sorption capacity of Nocardia biomass harvested from 0.33 day-1 of growth rate was significantly higher than that of cells harvested from 0.5- and 1-day-1 operation, indicatng that N.amarae cells with a lower growth rate have higher sorpion capacity. This result was in close agreement with the trend observed from the batch study. To evaluate the effect of Nocardia cells on the metal binding capacity of activated sludge, specific surface area and metal sorption capacity of the mixture of Nocardia pure cultures and activated sludge biomass were determined by a series of batch experiments. The higher levels of Nocardia cells in the Nocardia-activated sludge samples resulted in the higher specific surface area, explaining the higher metal sorption sites by the mixed luquor samples containing greater amounts on Nocardia cells. The effect of Nocardia cells on the metal sorption capacity of activated sludge was evaluated by spiking an activated sludge sample with various amounts of pre culture Nocardia cells. The results of the Langmuir isotherm model fitted to the metal sorption by various mixtures of Nocardia and activated sludge indicated that the mixture containing higher Nocardia levels had higher metal adsorption capacity than the mixture containing lower Nocardia levels. At Nocardia levels above 100mg/g VSS, the metal sorption capacity of activate sludge increased proportionally with the amount of Noeardia cells present in the mixed liquor, indicating that the presence of Nocardia may increase the viosorption capacity of activated sludge.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2003

본 연구는 폐수배출업소의 오니를 비료관리법의 비료공정규격에 퇴비원료로 활용 가능성을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 수도의 정수장오니는 일부 중금속 성분이 높은 것이 발견되었으나 대부분 중금속 성분이 기준에 미달되었다. 그러나 유기물 성분이 기준에 비해 상당히 낮아 퇴비의 원료로 활용은 어려울 것으로 보였으며 기타 농업적 활용에 대해 연구 검토하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각되었다. 섬유 및 가죽 폐수처리 오니는 제조공정 특성상 유기물 및 중금속 성분이 기준에 미달될 가능성이 많았으므로 퇴비원료로 활용은 곤란할 것으로 판단되었다. 화장품 폐수처리오니는 일부 중금속 성분이 기준에 미달될 우려가 있었으므로 원료 및 공정 등을 검토하여 선별적으로 활용하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 예상되었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.119-126
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• 1996

Influence factors and efficiency characteristics for treatment of wastewater containing phenol were studied with using Pseudomonas sp. B3. It took 130 hours to remove phenol, when only activated sludge of terminal disposal palnt of sewage was innoculated in batch culture, but it was required just 36 hours, when bacteria degrading phenol and activated sludge were simultaneously innoculated. If only phenol an carbon source was used, it necessary 36 hours for biodegradation of phenol, while glucose was added to medium, it took 73 hours. It was revealed as excellent effluent and SVI, when the F/M ratio, COD and phenol concentration were 53mg/l and 1.2mg/l, respectively, and optimum F/M ratio was revealed 0.31. The reactor were seriously shocked as reducing hydraulic retention time at constant phenol concentration more than increasing phenol concentration at constant hydraulic retention time, when volumetric loading rate was increased to $0.8kg\;phenol/m^3{\codt}d$ from $1.6kg\;phenol/m^3{\codt}d$. And also the effluent phenol concentration was 34mg/l after starting 12 hours of shocking and reactor was recovered as steady state after 65 hours of changing in the former test. Although the effluent phenol concentration was maximum value with 12mg/l after starting 20 hours of shocking and reactor was recovered as steady state after 54 hours of changing in the later test.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2017

Pulp and paper industry produces large volumes of wastewater and residual sludge waste, resulting in many issues in relation to wastewater treatment and sludge disposal. Contaminants in pulp and paper wastewater include effluent solids, sediments, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biological oxygen demand (BOD), which should be treated by wastewater treatment processes such as coagulation and biological treatment. However, few works have been attempted to predict the treatment efficiency of pulp and paper wastewater. Accordingly, this study presented empirical models based on experimental data in laboratory-scale coagulation tests and compared them with statistical models such as artificial neural network (ANN). Results showed that the water quality parameters such as turbidity, suspended solids, COD, and UVA can be predicted using either linear or expoential regression models. Nevertheless, the accuracies for turbidity and UVA predictions were relatively lower than those for SS and COD. On the other hand, ANN showed higher accuracies than the emprical models for all water parameters. However, it seems that two kinds of models should be used together to provide more accurate information on the treatment efficiency of pulp and paper wastewater.