• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.918-927
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• 2020

Flows induced by hybrid CRP pod propulsion systems (CRP-POD) are fundamentally characterized by unsteadiness. This work presents a numerical study on the unsteady flow of a CRP-POD at behind-hull condition based on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Unsteady RANS method is adopted, coupled with SST k-u turbulence model and sliding mesh method. The propeller thrusts and torques obtained by CFD is validated by model tests and acceptable agreements are obtained. The time histories of shingle-blade loads and pressures near the hull surface are recorded for the analysis of unsteady flow features. The cases of forward propeller alone and aft propeller alone are also computed to distinguish the hull-propeller interaction and propeller-propeller interaction. The results show the blade loads of both forward and aft propellers strongly fluctuate with phase angles. For the forward propeller, the blade load fluctuation is mainly governed by the hull-propeller interaction, while the aft blade load is remarkably affected by the propeller-propeller interaction in terms of the load average and fluctuation pattern. The fields of pressure, vorticity and velocity are also analyzed to reveal the unsteady flow features.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.517-526
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• 2022

Previous studies have shown that pile-soil interactions have significant influences on the isolation efficiency of an isolated structure. However, most of the existing tests were carried out using a 1-g shaking table, which cannot reproduce the soil stresses resulting in distortion of the simulated pile-soil interactions. In this study, a centrifuge shaking table modelling of the seismic responses of a friction pendulum bearing isolated structure with a pile foundation under earthquakes were conducted. The pile foundation structure was designed and constructed with a scale factor of 1:100. Two layers of the foundation soil, i.e., the bottom layer was made of plaster and the upper layer was normal soil, were carefully prepared to meet the similitude requirement. Seismic responses, including strains, displacement, acceleration, and soil pressure were collected. The settlement of the soil, sliding of the isolator, dynamic amplification factor and bending moment of the piles were analysed to reveal the influence of the soil structure interaction on the seismic performance of the structure. It is found that the soil rotates significantly under earthquake motions and the peak rotation is about 0.021 degree under 24.0 g motions. The isolator cannot return to the initial position after the tests because of the unrecoverable deformation of the soil and the friction between the curved surface of the slider and the concave plate.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제81권5호
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• pp.591-606
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• 2022

When the friction pendulum system and shear keys work together to resist the ground motion, which inclined inputs (non 45°) to the bridge structure, the shear keys in XY direction will be sheared asynchronously, endowed the friction pendulum system with a violent curvilinear motion on the sliding surface during earthquakes. In view of this situation, firstly, this paper abandons the equivalent linearization model of friction and constructs a Spring-Coulomb friction plane isolation system with XY shear keys, and then makes a detailed mechanical analysis of the movement process of friction pendulum system, next, this paper establishes the mathematical model of structural time history response calculation by using the step-by-step integration method, finally, it compiles the corresponding computer program to realize the numerical calculation. The results show that the calculation method in this paper takes advantage of the characteristic that the friction force is always µmg, and creatively uses the "circle making method" to express the change process of the friction force and resultant force of the friction pendulum system in any calculation time step, which can effectively solve the temporal nonlinear action of the plane friction; Compared with the response obtained by the calculation method in this paper, the peak values of acceleration response and displacement response calculated by the unidirectional calculation model, which used in the traditional research of the friction pendulum system, are smaller, so the unidirectional calculation model is not safe.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2006

The beneficial effects of graduated compression stockings (GCS) in prophylaxis and treatment of venous disorders of human lower extremity have been recognized. However, their pressure functional performances are variable and unstable in practical applications, and the exact mechanisms of action remain controversial. Direct surface pressure measurements and indirect material properties testing are not enough for fully understanding the interaction between stocking and leg. A three dimensional (3D) biomechanical mathematical model for numerically simulating the interaction between leg and GCS in dynamic wear was developed based on the actual geometry of the female leg obtained from 3D reconstruction of MR images and the real size and mechanical properties of the compression stocking prototype. The biomechanical solid leg model consists of bones and soft tissues, and an orthotropic shell model is built for the stocking hose. The dynamic putting-on process is simulated by defining the contact of finite relative sliding between the two objects. The surface pressure magnitude and distribution along the different height levels of the leg and stress profiles of stockings were simulated. As well, their dynamic alterations with time processing were quantitatively analyzed. Through validation, the simulated results showed a reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements, and the simulated pressure gradient distribution from the ankle to the thigh (100:67:30) accorded with the advised criterion by the European committee for standardization. The developed model can be used to predict and visualize the dynamic pressure and stress performances exerted by compression stocking in wear, and to optimize the material mechanical properties in stocking design, thus, helping us understand mechanisms of compression action and improving medical functions of GCS.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.258-263
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• 2013

4 mol% Yttria-stabilized zirconia (4YSZ) coatings are fabricated by Air Plasma Spray (APS) and Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) with top coating of thermal barrier coating (TBC). NiCrAlY based bond coat is prepared as 150 ${\mu}m$ thickness by conventional APS (Air Plasma Spray) method on the NiCrCoAl alloy substrate before deposition of top coating. Each 4YSZ top coating shows different tribological behaviors based on the inherent layer structures. 4YSZ by APS which has splat-stacked structure shows lower friction coefficient but higher wear rate than 4YSZ by EB-PVD which has columnar structure. For 4YSZ by APS, such results are expected due to the sliding wear accompanied with local delamination of splats.

• 전자공학회논문지T
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• 제35T권2호
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• pp.39-47
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• 1998

가변구조 제어기는 이론적으로 빠른 응답특성을 가지며 오버슈트가 없고 외란이나 파라미터 변동에 강인한 제어기로 알려져왔다. 그러나 가변구조 제어기는 모델링과정에서 무시된 플랜트의 고주파 동특성을 여기할 수 있고, 또 시스템을 구성하는 소자들에 손상을 줄 수 있는 채터링현상이 발생하기 때문에 산업현장에서 널리 적용되지 못하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 채터링을 저감시키기 위한 개선된 가변구조 제어기를 제안하고 유도전동기의 위치제어에 적용한다. 기존의 가변구조 제어기는 한 개의 스위칭면을 중심으로 고주파 스위칭을 행하여 시스템의 구조를 절환한 반면에, 개선된 가변구조 제어기는 한 개의 면 대신 슬라이딩 영역을 이루기 위해 두 개의 스위칭면을 가지며 이 영역 내에서 저주파 스위칭으로써 시스템 구조를 절환하게 된다. 그러므로 제안된 알고리즘은 기존의 가변구조 제어기가 가지는 빠른 응답성이나 강인성을 유지하면서 고주파 채터링을 저감시키는 특징을 가지며 전동기정수 변동에도 양호하게 동작하고 있다. 제안하는 제어기의 타탕성을 확인하기 위해 실험을 행하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2016

Purpose: In order to ensure that vegetable seedlings (with a soil block around their roots) are planted in an upright orientation after metering in a vegetable transplanter, they need to be dropped freely from a certain height. The walk-behind hand-tractor-powered machines do not have sufficient space to drop the seedlings from that height. In the present work, a hopper-type planting device was developed for the walk-behind hand-tractor-powered vegetable transplanter to ensure that the soil block seedlings are planted in an upright orientation. Methods: Various dimensionless terms were developed based on the dimensional analysis approach, and their effect on the planting of soil block seedlings in an upright orientation (planting efficiency) was studied. The optimum design dimensions of the hopper-type planting device were identified by the Taguchi method of optimization. Results: The ratio of the height of free fall to the sliding distance of the seedling on the surface of the hopper had the highest influence on planting efficiency. The planting efficiency was highest for plants with a height $15{\pm}2cm$. The plant handling Froude number, in interaction with the design of the hopper-type planting device, also significantly affected the planting efficiency. Of the hopper design factors, the length of the slide of the seedlings on the surface of the hopper was most important, and induced sufficient velocity and rotation to cause the seedling to fall in an upright orientation. An evaluation of the performance of the planting device under actual field conditions revealed that the planting efficiency of the developed planting device was more than 97.5%. Conclusions: As the seedlings were fed to the metering device manually, an increase in planting rate increased missed plantings. The planting device can be adopted for any vegetable transplanter in which the seedlings are allowed to drop freely from the metering device.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.193-197
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• 2011

Friction behavior of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide(AAO) film was investigated. A 60 ${\mu}m$ thick AAO film having nanopores of 45 nm diameter with 105 nm interpore-diatance was fabricated by mild anodization process. The AAO film was then saturated with paraffinic oil. Reciprocating ball-on-flat sliding friction tests using 1 mm diameter steel ball as the counterpart were carried out with normal load ranging from 0.1 N to 1 N in an ambient environment. The morphology of worn surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The friction coefficient significantly increased with the increase of load. The boundary lubrication layer of paraffinic oil contributed to the lower friction at relatively low load (0.1 N), but it is less effective at high load (1 N). Plastic deformed layer patches were formed on the worn surface of oil-enriched AAO at relatively low load (0.1 N) without evidence of tribochemical reaction. On the other hand, thick tribolayers were formed on the worn surface of both oil-enriched and as-prepared AAO at relatively high load (1 N) due to tribochemical reaction and material transfer.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.63-73
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• 1986

The model was developed by applying the principles of Bacot and Vidal to measure the behavior of deformation of the reinforced earth wall, and various tasts were performed by using the plastic fabric filter and the galvanized steel plate as a strip. The results obtained are as follows; 1. When the reinforced earth wall is deformed by the load, the strip is completely reinforced by the backfill materials and changed to the rigid block state, under the state of failure which permits sliding only, the next theoretical equation is formed. (H/L) . tan$\theta$ [cosO-sinOtanO] =2sinO[tan($\theta$ +0) +tanO] 2.The degree of the mutual reinforcement of the backfill material and the strip depend on the physical characteristics of the each material especially the angle of shearing resistance of the backfill material is desirable over 20$^{\circ}$ and, if it is over 400, its function could be a maximum. 3.The distribution of the maximum tensile strain of the reinforcement is changing with the height of reinforced earth wall, and when the height from bottom of the reinforced earth wall is 1.85 to 3. 35m, the maximum tensile strain appears at 2m from the skin element. The maximum tensile strain is increased by the depth of the reinforced earth wall from surface, and increased with the lapse of time after construction. 4.The failure surface of the reinforced earth wall by the concrete skin was about 60$^{\circ}$and the failure behavior of the reinforced earth wall in which the fabric filter was buried was slow, and so the pore pressure could be decreased. 5.It is possible to construct the fabric retained earth wall by the plastic fabric filter only. And the reinforcing effect between the steel plate and the plastic fabric filter is not largely different. however, in the aspect of the economic durability, the plastic fabric filter is more advantageous. 6.The reinforcing action mainly depends on the width and the length of the reinforcing materials, if possible, the full width is advantageous to enlarge the contact area with backfill. but considering the economic aspect, it is neccessary to develop the method controlling the space of the strip.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.175-187
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• 2003

일반적으로 사질토 지반의 원형수직구에 설치된 흙막이벽에 작용하는 토압은 삼차원 아칭효과로 인하여 평면변형조건의 옹벽에 작용하는 토압과는 다르며, 원통형 벽체의 설계를 위해서는 벽체에 작용하는 토압의 정확한 산정이 필요하다. 원형수직구에 설치된 벽체 배면지반의 파괴모드는 지중응력상태에 의존하게 되는데, 파괴모드는 실질적으로 원기둥형 활동면을 갖는 경우와 깔대기형 파괴면을 갖는 경우로 구분할 수 있다. 기존의 연구결과에 의하면 각각의 파괴모드에 대하여 원통형 벽체에 작용하는 토압공식이 제안되었으나, 도입된 가정으로 인하여 불합리한 경향을 보이는 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 원통형 벽체에 작용하는 토압을 산정하기 위하여 각각의 파괴모드에 대하여 제안된 토압공식을 살펴보고, 각 토압공식에서 가정된 사항을 수정 제안하였다. 각각의 파괴모드에 대하여 수정 제안된 토압공식들은 상재하중과 벽면마찰을 고려하였으며, 활동면에서의 힘의 평형관계를 실제적으로 고려하였다.