• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2018

Lawsonia intracellularis is the pathogenic agent of porcine proliferative enteritis (PPE). The bacterial pathogen infects the intestinal crypt cells which causes hyperplasia of the infected cells and leads to the process of intestinal pathogenesis. PPE includes some clinical maninfestations, including acute hemorrhagic diarrhea with sudden death in growing pigs and porcine intestinal adenomatosis, to a chronic diarrhea with reduced productivity of the infected pigs. The purpose of the present studies were carried out to determine L. intracellularis in livestock transport car of slaughterhouse. Distribution of L. intracellularis in livestock transport car were conducted using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) testing method, total 300 samples. Of 300 samples, 119 (39.7%) were detected as positive to L. intracellularis in livestock transport car. In seasonal analysis, 42 (28.0%) out of 150 samples in spring and summer season. 77 (51.3%) out of 150 sample in autumn and winter season. In regional analysis, 53 (88.3%) out of 60 cars and the detection ratio showed that regional variation in livestock transport car.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2012

Consumer's preference and microbial inspections on fresh raw beef were carried out to understand the actual market status in Gwanju, Korea. Over 15 questions on questionnaire by 1,111 randomly selected respondents between April and May in 2011, results showed 65.5% positive on eating fresh raw beef, 63.8% negative on good hygiene condition of fresh raw beef, and 72.5% positive on the secure of the hygiene-safety for priority program, respectively. For microbial inspections, a total of 302 samples were collected from fresh raw beef purchased from slaughterhouse (n=122), transport (n=69) and consumer (n=81) stage, from lettuce (n=30) at consumer stage. The aerobic plate count (APC), E. coli count and food borne bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus(S.) aureus and E. coli O157:H7 were tested in the samples. As results, the level of count on APC of fresh raw beef ranged $6{\times}10^1{\sim}1.8{\times}10^5CFU/g$ from slaughterhouse, $2{\times}10^2{\sim}8.3{\times}10^5CFU/g$ from transport stage and $1{\times}10^2{\sim}4{\times}10^5CFU/g$ from consumer stage. The level of count on E. coli of fresh raw beef ranged $1{\sim}9{\times}10^1CFU/g$ from slaughterhouse, $1{\sim}7{\times}10CFU/g$ from transport stage and $1{\sim}5.5{\times}10CFU/g$ from consumer stage. In total, 26 S. aureus were isolated, 10 (14.5%) from fresh raw beef at transport stage, 12 (14.8%) from fresh raw beef and 4 (13.3%) from lettuce at consumer stage. Enterotoxin of S. aureus was not detected among 26 isolates. All S. aureus isolates were typed using a DiversiLab$^{TM}$ rep-PCR system for genetic similarity test, showing over 95% of genetic relationship amon isolates.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.191-197
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• 2016

Historically, Korea old cattle had been consisted with various lines of coat color brindle, black and white-brown breeds or more. The two rare lines of black and white coat color are maintained for animal resources and preserved critically. The present study was carried out to evaluate potential usage of cysteamine supplementation during in vitro matration (IVM) and in vitro culture/production of embryo (IVP) by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration (Ovum Pick-Up: OPU) for the establishment of cryo-banking system. Immature slaughterhouse-derived cumulus-oocyte complexes (SL-COCs) were matured in IVM medium supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.3 or 0.9 mM cysteamine, and then cultured in mSOF-BAS for 8 days after in vitro fertilization. The treatment of 0.1 mM cysteamine on SL-COCs showed higher rate of blastocyst, so OPU-derived COCs from rare breeds were matured in TCM media supplemented with or without 0.1 mM cysteamine, FSH and 5% FBS. The embryos were evaluated their developmental stages on day 8. During IVM, cysteamine treatment significantly increased the embryo production rate of slaughterhouse-derived COCs (19.6% vs. 30.5%). The presence of cysteamine during IVM of OPU-derived COCs from rare Korean cattle breeds (albino white and black line) also increased embryo production rates than those from SL-COCs (27.4% vs. 41.9% and 36.4%). With these results, cysteamine treatment during IVM is one of key factors IVP of blastocysts to establish banking system of endangered rare Koarean cattle with OPU derived transferable blastocysts.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Anaerobic digestion is the most feasible technology because not only the energy embedded in organic matters can be recovered, but also they are stabilized while being degraded. This study carried out to improve methane yield of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment sludge cake by the thermal pre-treatment prior to anaerobic digestion.METHODS AND RESULTS: Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment sludge cake was pre-treated by the closed hydrothermal reactor at reaction temperature of 190℃. BMPs (Biochemical methane potential) of the thermal hydrolysate was tested in the different S(Substrate)/I(Inoculum) ratio conditions. COD(Chemical oxygen demand) and SCOD(Soluble chemical oxygen demand) contents of thermal hydrolysate were 10.99% and 10.55%, respectively, then, the 96.00% of COD was remained as a soluble form. The theoretical methane potential of thermal hydrolysate was 0.51 Nm³ kg^-1-VS_added. And BMPs were decreased from 0.56 to 0.22 Nm³ kg^-1-VS_added when S/I ratio were increased from 0.1 to 2.0 in the VS content basis. Those were decreased from 0.32 to 0.13 Nm³ kg^-1-COD_added when S/I ratio were increased from 0.1 to 2.0 based on COD content. The anaerobic degradability of VS basis have showed 196.9%, 102.2%, 80.7%, 67.4%, and 39.4% in S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively. Also the COD of 119.6%, 76.3%, 70.1%, 69.0%, and 43.1% were degraded anaerobically in S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively.CONCLUSION: BMPs obtained in the S/I ratios of 0.1 and 0.3 was overestimated by the residual organic matters remaining at the inoculum. And inhibitory effect was observed in the highest S/I ratio of 2.0. The optimum S/I ratios giving reasonable BMPs might be in the range of 0.5 and 1.0 in S/I ratio. Therefore VS biodegradability of thermal hydrolysate was in 67.4-80.7% and COD biodegradability showed 69.0-70.1%.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2018

축산시설 사이의 차량이동은 국내에서 가축전염병 확산의 주요 원인이다. 이 같은 상황에서 본 연구는 축산시설의 차량이동 네트워크에서 주요한 위치를 차지하는 허브시설을 도출하고, 그 특성을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 농림축산검역본부의 KAHIS(Korea Animal Health Intergrated System)에서 제공하는 축산시설의 차량 진출입자료를 활용하였다. 허브시설의 도출에는 사회연결망 분석의 대표적인 중심성 지표인 연결정도 중심성과 매개 중심성 지표를 활용하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 축산시설의 차량이동 네트워크에는 다른 시설에 비하여 매우 높은 중심성 지표 값을 가지는 소수의 허브 시설이 존재한다. 둘째, 연결정도 중심성 기준의 허브시설은 사료공장, 집유장, 도축장, 도계장, 가축시장이다. 셋째, 매개 중심성 기준의 허브시설은 가축시장, 사료공장, 도축장이다. 넷째. 연결정도 중심성에 기반한 허브시설은 특정지역에 집중되어 입지하고 있으나, 매개 중심성에 따른 허브시설을 상대적으로 고르게 분포하고 있다. 다섯째, 중심성 지표에 따른 허브시설은 시간이 지나도 상당히 안정적으로 유지된다. 본 연구는 축산시설 사이의 차량 이동이 가축 전염병 전파의 주요 원인으로 지목되는 상황에서, 방대한 진출입 자료를 활용하여, 허브시설을 도출하였다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1818-1827
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of the pathologies that caused the condemnation of pig carcasses in an area of intensive pig farming and Mediterranean climatology and to evaluate their influence in a risk-based inspection procedure for slaughterhouses. Methods: A retrospective observational investigation was carried out from 2002 to 2016 into the pathological processes that caused the condemnation of pig carcasses in a slaughterhouse from South-eastern Spain. The seasonal effect on the causes of condemnation carcass was reported. Negative binomial model was used to evaluate the effect of season on the rate of antemortem rejections and post-mortem condemnations. Histopathological examinations were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Results: The risk of antemortem rejections (0.0564%) was significantly greater in summer (risk ratio [RR] = 1.57). Autumn was associated with higher rate (RR = 1.69) of the total postmortem condemnations (0.1046%). Significantly higher rates of pronounced anaemia (0.0111%) were observed in summer (RR = 3.20). The main causes of anaemia were observed gastroesophageal ulcers and haemorrhagic enteropathies. Significantly highest risk of erysipelas (0.0074%) were observed in autumn (RR = 5.485). About other zoonosis, only eight cases (0.0013%) of carcasses were declared unfit due to tuberculosis lesions. Porcine muscular cysticercosis was not detected. Nevertheless, nonspecific causes such as generalized infections and emaciation represented the half of the condemned carcasses (50.90%). Conclusion: The pathologies leading to the condemnation of carcasses in this study can be considered representative of the pathologies that affect the pig population from a region with a high intensive production and Mediterranean climatology because this slaughterhouse receives a lot of animals from many farms of different size in a high intensive pig production zone (Mediterranean region). Increased knowledge of environmental factors that may foment the appearance of the diseases is essential for implementing inspection programs based on risk assessment in pig's slaughterhouses.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2013

본 연구는 도축장에서 폐기되는 도축 반추위 내용물을 사일리지 혹은 TMR (total mixed ration) 사료 첨가용 효소제로 개발하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 도축 반추위 내용물에는 상당한 수분이 함유되어 있어, 적절한 건조과정을 거치지 않고서는 그 활용이 원활하지 않다. 그러나 효소는 열에 민감한 단백질로 구성되어 있기 때문에 적절한 건조 조건의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 통계적 방법을 이용하여 가열온도(60, 75, $90^{\circ}C$), 가열시간(12, 30, 48 시간) 및 부형제의 비율(12, 22.5, 33%)이 도축 반추위 내용물에 함유된 다양한 효소활성에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. 총 3가지 효소, xylan 분해효소, 셀룰로오스 분해효소 및 전분 분해효소를 검토하였고, 각 효소활성들에 대한 각 요인들의 효과가 매우 다양하게 나타났다(p<0.05). 셀룰로오스 분해효소와 전분 분해효소의 활성은 가열온도가 증가함에 따라 감소하였으며(p<0.05), xylan 분해해소는 열에 대한 안전성이 다른 효소들에 비하여 우수하였다. 자일란, 셀룰로오스, 전분 분해효소를 증가시키는 적정 부형제의 비율은 22.5, 12 그리고 33%로 나타났다. 비록 3가지 효소들의 제형화에 있어 공통적으로 적용될 수 있는 최적점을 도출하지는 못하였으나, 본 연구결과에서 얻어진 효소들의 반응 값들을 이용하여 목적하는 효소에 따라서 다양한 방법으로 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2021

본 연구는 미생물전기분해전지를 이용하여 도축부산물의 처리 가능성을 평가하였다. 도축부산물 희석액을 772, 1,222, 1,431 mg COD/L의 농도로 반응조에 주입하였으며 각 유입농도에서 인가전압 변화 (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 V)에 따른 COD 제거 및 메탄가스 발생 특성을 평가하였다. 메탄가스 발생량은 유입 COD 농도 1,431 mg/L와 인가전압 0.9 V 조건에서 최대치를 얻을 수 있었다. 모든 인가전압 조건에서 주입농도가 증가할수록 COD 제거율이 증가하였으며 평균 COD 제거율은 62.3~81.1% 이었다. 돼지 간은 난분해성 성분이 많아 혐기성소화에 적절하지 않은 기질이나 미생물전기분해전지의 생물전기화학반응을 통해 잠재적 메탄 수율의 80%인 129~229 mL/g COD의 높은 수율을 얻을 수 있었던 것으로 판단된다. 향후 반응조 형상 및 운전조건 최적화 등을 통하여 기질의 소화속도와 소화율을 보다 개선할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.743-751
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• 2017

During slaughtering, animal blood is typically discarded, resulting in water pollution. However, this discarded blood has valuable components, such as immunoglobulin (Ig). Although several studies have been conducted to develop methods for effective recycling of slaughterhouse blood, they have not been commercially utilized in Korea. Here, we extracted an Ig-rich fraction from porcine blood that was then subjected to various in vitro tests, including pathogen growth inhibition, antigenic cross-reactivity, and anti-toxin activity. The porcine immunoglobulin concentrate (PIC) was effectively purified by eliminating other components, such as albumin, and consisted of approximately $63.2{\pm}2.9%$ IgG and $7.2{\pm}0.4%$ IgM on a protein basis. The results showed that it significantly suppressed the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and bound to all tested pathogens, including both gram-positive and gram-negative species, although the degree of activity differed according to strain. The PIC bound to two types of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Escherichia coli O111:B4 and Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the PIC restored the proliferation activity of the lymphoblast K-562 cells when co-incubated with pathogenic LPS. These results confirm that the PIC prepared in this study is a potentially valuable functional food material or diet supplement as an alternative to antibiotics that can protect animals from pathogenic bacteria.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.851-865
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• 2018

This study investigated the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in slaughterhouses, and determined serovars and genotypes, and antibiotic resistance of the isolates obtained from slaughterhouses and humans in Korea. Two hundred ninety samples were collected from feces (n=136), carcasses [n=140 (cattle: n=61, swine: n=79)], and washing water (n=14) in nine slaughterhouses. Eleven human isolates were obtained from hospitals and the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Listeria monocytogenes was enriched and identified, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Serovars and presence of virulence genes were determined, and genetic correlations among the isolates were evaluated by the restriction digest patterns of AscI. Antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes isolates were examined against 12 different antibiotics. Of 290 slaughterhouse samples, 15 (5.17%) carcass samples were L. monocytogenes positive. Most L. monocytogenes isolates possessed all the virulence genes, while polymorphisms in the actA gene were found between carcass and human isolates. Serovars 1/2a (33.3%) and 1/2b (46.7%) were the most frequent in carcass isolates. Genetic correlations among the isolates from carcass and clinical isolates were grouped within serotypes, but there were low geographical correlations. Most L. monocytogenes isolates were antibiotic resistant, and some strains showed resistance to more than four antibiotics. These results indicate that L. monocytogenes are isolated from carcass and human in Korea, and they showed high risk serotypes and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, intensive attentions are necessary to be aware for the risk of L. monocytogenes in Korea.