• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2013

Objective : Spinal dysraphism defects span wide spectrum. Wound dehiscence is a common postoperative complication, and is a challenge in the current management of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and wound healing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risks of CSF-related morbidity in the surgical treatment of spinal dysraphism. Methods : Ten patients with spinal dysraphism were included in this retrospective study. The median age of the cohort was 4.8 months. To assess the risk of CSF morbidity, we measured the skin lesion area and the percentage of the skin lesion area relative to the back surface for each patient. We then analyzed the relationship between morbidity and the measured skin lesion area or related factors. Results : The overall median skin lesion area was 36.2 $cm^2$ (n=10). The percentage of the skin lesion area relative to the back surface ranged from 0.6% to 18.1%. During surgical reconstruction, 4 patients required subsequent operations to repair CSF morbidity. The comparison of the mean area of skin lesions between the CSF morbidity group and the non-CSF morbidity group was statistically significant (average volume skin lesion of $64.4{\pm}32.5cm^2$ versus $27.7{\pm}27.8cm^2$, p<0.05). CSF morbidity tended to occur either when the skin lesion area was up to 44.2 $cm^2$ or there was preexisting fibrosis before revision with an accompanying broad-based dural defect. Conclusion : Measuring the lesion area, including the skin, dura, and related surgical parameters, offers useful information for predicting wound challenges and selecting appropriate reconstructive surgery methods.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2005

Purpose: To present our experience and design modification of an anterolateral thigh flap in soft tissue reconstruction. Materials and Methods: Between April of 2004 and May of 2005, 26 anterolateral thigh flaps were used in 26 patients. There were 22 males and 4 females between 23 and 60 years (mean, 40years). The mean follow-up period was 11($4{\sim}18$) months. All cases were a cutaneous flap. Twenty-two were musculocutaneous perforator flaps(85%) and 4 were septocutaneous perforator flaps(15%). Four flaps were used as a sensate flap. While the donor sites were closed directly in 14 cases(54%), 12 cases(46%) underwent skin grafting of the donor site. During the flap design, a triangular skin design was added to a vascular anastomosis site in 14(54%) patients and used as a roof of the tunnel. The healing period of the skin graft between those performed above the fascia and above the muscle were compared. Results: The average size of the flaps was $16{\times}9(11-20{\times}7-12)\;cm$. The overall flap success rate was 96%. Complications encountered were infection in 4 cases, and marginal skin necrosis in 1 case. The healing period was delayed with the infection in 3 of the 6 cases involving a skin graft over the fascia. All 14 cases with the triangular skin design survived, but there was 1 flap failure and 1 marginal necrosis in 12 cases without a triangular skin design. Conclusions: It may be better to undergo a skin graft above the muscle than above the fascia in covering a donor site defect, and to use a triangular skin design in order to prevent vascular insufficiency. An anterolateral thigh flap is a versatile flap for a soft tissue reconstruction because its thickness and volume can be adjusted to the extent of the defect with minimal donor site morbidity.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 1996

This paper is the study of the diffusion constant in order to calculate the percent oxygenation and percent blood volume using reflectance light within biological tissue. The diffusion constant play major role in percent oxygenation and percent blood volume and varies with the biological material such as hemolyzed blood, whole blood, dermis and epidermis in vivo tissue. The diffusion constant can be modeled to consist of a contribution from bloodless tissue and blood present in tissue. The reflectance light for experimental are red light of 660nm, infrared light of 880nm, green light of 569nm. The correlation between the diffusion constant and biological tissue was analyzed by the intensity of reflectance light at different depth within human limb. The reflectance light was changed in response to physiological changes within biological tissue. The data for diffusion constant were obtained at different depth beneath the surface of the skin and will be utilized to amen the percent oxygenation and percent blood volume.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.5
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• pp.47-60
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• 1998

This study was done to identify basic information in classifying nursing diagnoses and nursing interventions needed for the further development of computerized nursing care plans. Data were collected by reviewing charts of 123 home care clients who had active disease, for whom at least one nursing diagnosis was on the chart, and who had been discharged. Data included demographics, medical orders, nursing diagnoses and nursing interventions. The results of the study, which found the most frequent medical diagnoses to be cancer (40.7%) and brain injury (26.8%), showed that 'Impaired Skin Integrity'(18.3%), 'Risk for Infection'(15.0%), 'Altered Nutrition, Less than Body Requirements'(13.8%), and 'Risk for Impaired Skin Integ rity'(9.9%) were the most frequent nursing diagnoses. 'Pressure Ulcer Care'(28.4%) was the most frequent intervention for 'Impaired Skin Integrity', 'Infection Protection'(16.0%) for 'Risk of Infection', 'Nutrition Counseling'(26.8%) for 'Altered Nutrition' and 'Positioning'(22.0%) for 'Risk for Skin Integrity Impairment', Comparison of interventions with the Nursing Intervention Classification(NIC) showed that the most frequent interventions were in the domain 'Basic Physiological' (33.94%), followed by 'Behavioral'(27.8%), and 'Complex Physiological' (22.6%). Interventions related to teaching family to give care at home could not be classified in the NIC scheme. Examination of the frequency of NIC interventions showed that for the domain 'Activity & Exercise Management', 75% of the interventions were used, but for seven domains, none were used. For the domain 'Immobility Management', 93% of the times that an intervention was used, it was 'Positioning', for the domain 'Tissue Perfusion Management', 'IV Therapy' (59.1%) and for the domain 'Elimination Management', 'Tube Care: Urinary'(54.0%). The nursing diagnoses 'Altered Urinary Elimination' and 'Im paired Physical Mobility' were both used with these clients, but neither 'Fluid Volume Deficit' nor 'Risk of Fluid Volume Deficit' were used rather 'IV Therapy' was an intervention for 'Altered Nutrition, Less than Body Requirements', A comparison of clients with cancer and those with brain injury showed that interventions for the nursing diagnosis 'Impaired Skin Integrity' were more frequent for the clients with cancer, interventions for 'Risk of Infection' were similar for the two groups but for clients with cancer there were more interventions for' Altered Nutrition'. Examination of the nursing diagnoses leading to the intervention 'Positioning' showed that for both groups, it was either 'Impaired Skin Integrity' or 'Risk for Skin Integrity Impairment'. This study identified a need for further refinement in the classification of nursing interventions to include those unique to home care and that for the purposes of computerization identification of the nursing activities to be included in each intervention needs to be done.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06d
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• pp.648-653
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• 2001

This study represents the numerical analysis of natural convection of a microenvironments with a air permeability in the clothing air-layer. The clothing air layer of shoulder and arm was used for numerical analysis model. As a numerical analysis method, we adopted a finite volume method for two-dimensional laminar flow, and analyzed the flow and thermal characteristics of velocity, temperature and concentration in the air layer between body and clothing. As a temperature boundary conditions, we considered that a body skin has a high temperature with $34^{\circ}C$ the environmental temperatures are $5,\;15\;and\;25^{\circ}C$ for various permeability coefficients. The distributions of concentration, temperature and velocity were showed that two large cells were. formed at horizontal and vertical air layer, respectively. As the temperature difference between body skin and environment decrease, the heat transfer was decreased rapidly.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.319-324
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• 2011

This study aims to investigate statistical variations and relationships of blood pressure (BP), phtotplethysmography (PPG) and cardiovascular parameters on changes in local skin surface temperature (SST) during gradual cooling and heating. Results showed that local SST changes affected the Finometer BP, the PPG waveforms and total peripheral resistance, but not oscillometric BP, heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output. Therefore, in order to reduce for the errors, temperatures should be controlled or compensated when components of the PPG waveform are used to evaluate cardiovascular status in temperature variation environments.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 2007

This report is to introduce a specific acupuncture methods as a cosmetic treatment. I applied wu-xing(五行) acupuncture technique to 11 patients for smooth out skin wrinkles. There were visual improvement of patients' facial skin. This methods cuts SMAS, stimulates dermis, and helps to recover skin volume and generate new dermal tissue by wound-healing mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1995

This study was designed to obtain the basic data developing the UV ray protective garments for the plastichouse workers. Two subjects were volunteered for 1hr. wear test in plastic house, and the ensembles was composed of one of three kinds blouse (UV blocking blouse, polyester/cotton 47/53 blouse, and polyester blouse), shorts, sleeveless undershirts, pants and socks. The measurements were rectal temperature, skin temperature, microclimate inside clothing, subjective sensation, and the colour difference of UV sensor. The results were as follows: 1. Microclimate especially, temperature inside clothing of polyester blouse was the highest among the garments. And UV-proof polyester blouse showed the lower mean skin temperature and microclimate than others. Showing the highest sweat volume. 2. No significant difference on UV ray blocking function among 3 kinds of garment was shown. 3. We could conform that in spring for the plastic house wぉw s garment low thermal insulating value and wide covering area were more important factors than UV blocking function of fabric.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1282-1287
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• 2001

This study presents the numerical analysis of natural convection of a micro- environments with air permeability in the clothing air-layer. As a numerical model the clothing air layer of shoulder and arm were adopted. Finite volume method for two-dimensional laminar flow was used for the analysis of flow and thermal characteristics of velocity, temperature and concentration in the air layer between body and clothing. As temperature boundary conditions, a body skin has a high temperature with $34^{\circ}C$ and the environmental temperatures are 5, 15 and $25^{\circ}C$ for various permeability coefficients. The distributions of concentration, temperature and velocity are shown that two large cells form at horizontal and vertical air layer, respectively. As the temperature difference between body skin and environment decreases, the heat transfer is decreased rapidly.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.192-199
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• 2003

Trimethylglycine, commonly named betaine, is the most simple amphoteric molecule. It is completely vegetal (1,2), as it is produced in the sugar industry by industrial chromatography of molasses. While abundantly used in foods and diet supplements, many interesting applications in cosmetics have recently been investigated, like its capability to increase the volume and stability of foams in surfactant solutions. For its special chemical structure (it is the internal salt of a weak acid and a strong alkali) trimethylglycine is a solvent and buffering agent for strong acids and Lewis' acids. It allows to improve the efficiency of $\alpha$- and $\beta$-hydroxy acids in increasing the physiological rate of epidermal cell renewal, while keeping a low skin-irritation level. In oral care cosmetics, it acts as a mucous membrane protectant (3). For its special water co-ordination capability, its solubilising power, polymer swelling capability, after-feel improvement in hair products, skin moisturization and elasticity enhancing properties, trimethylglycine provides unusual characteristics to many products intended for skin maintenance (4).(omitted)