• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.145-154
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• 2006

Objectives : Methods to evaluate obesity are growing to be important in studying links between health and disease. Physicians are using BMI (body mass index) to evaluate obesity, but they can't know how much fat the body has by using that method. Even though there are several assessments, there are different scales, so patients are diagnosed as obese, by some but not by others. These studies are limited in evaluating obesity; it is necessary to study based on new knowledge. According to Oriental Medical Theory, obese people are categorized into 3 types, Fei, Kao and Liu Ren. They have different pathology and body shapes than non-obese people. The relationship between Oriental Medical Theory and BMI and assessment of body fat is a fundamental need to easily approach and treat obesity. Methods : At 00 Oriental Medical Center, 145 female subjects who intended to lose weight were given physical tests and grouped into 5 types of obesity. The physical tests were height measurement, BMI, body composition (body fat mass and lean body mass), skin elasticity and physical strength tests. One-way analysis of variance was done to compare the means of physical tests between the five types of obese women. There was some relationship between characteristics of the five types based on physical tests and Fei, Kao and Liu Ren based on Oriental Medical Theory. Least significant difference (LSD) was used in multiple comparisons. Results : 1. According to the skin elasticity test, obesity type 5 placed between obesity types 3 and 4 and obesity types 1 and 2. Obesity types 3 and 4 were in the low skin elasticity result group; obesity types 1 and 2 were in the high ones (p<0.1).Based on Oriental Medical Theory, Fei Ren and Kao Ren can be distinguished by skin elasticity degree. This result should form the basis of obesity diagnosis. 2. According to Oriental Medical Theory, Fei Ren is smaller than others. Based on height measurement, obesity types 3 and 4 were significantly lower than other obesity types (p<0.1), so there is a relationship between Fei Ren and obesity types 3 & 4. 3. There were significant differences between obesity type 2 and obesity type 4 in the body fat mass result (p<0.1). This study did not have large enough a sample size to distinguish Liu Ren. Conclusions : Further clinical research is necessary to study measurement methods of body shape type and skin elasticity for distinguishing Fei Ren from Kao Ren. The diagnosis and treatment based on the relationship of these types should be studied further.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2004

H-pile can be more easily driven than pipe pile by pile driver and shows high skin friction and plugging effect. And lately It is well grown that the high strength H-pile has been widely used f3r pile foundations. To compare the skin frictions of H piles under different density soil conditions, this paper presents results of a series of model tests on vertically loaded group piles. Model piles made of steel embedded in weathered granite soil were used in this study. Pile arrangements $(2\times2,\;3\tunes3)$, pile space(2D, 4D, 6D), and soil density$(D_r=40\%,\;80\%)$ were tested. The main results obtained from the model tests can be summarized as follows. The series of tests found that compression load for group piles increases as number of piles increase and piles space ratic decrease to $D_r=40\%$ of soil density. The analysis also found that the theoretical value of skin friction for group piles is greater than practical value as piles space ratio increases to $D_r=40\%$ of soil density. Piles showed the greatest difference of the skin friction in case that the pile space ratio(S/D) is 6. The theoretical value by Meyerhof and DM-7 showed 1.83 times and 1.32 times respectively as great as practical value in case of S/D=6 and $2\times2$.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.251-260
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• 2014

The number of farmers who have suffered from non-fatal acute pesticide poisoning has been reported to vary from 5.7% to 86.7% in South Korea since 1975. Absorption through the skin is the main route of exposure to pesticides for farmers who operate with them. Several in vitro tests using the skins of humans or animal and in vivo tests using laboratory animals are introduced for the assessment of human dermal absorption level of pesticides. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare international guidelines and strategies of dermal absorption assessments and to propose unique approaches for applications into pesticide registration process in our situation. Until present in our situation, pesticide exposure level to operator is determined just using default value of 10 as for skin absorption ratio because of data shortage. Dermal absorption tests are requested to get exposure level of pesticides and to ultimately know the safety of pesticides for operators through the comparison with the value of AOEL. When the exposure level is higher than AOEL, the pesticide cannot be approved. We reviewed the skin absorption test guidelines recommended by OECD, EFSA and EPA. The EPA recommends assessment of skin absorption of pesticides for humans through the TPA which includes all the results of in vitro human and animal and animal in vivo skin absorption studies. OECD and EFSA, employ a tiered approach, which the requirement of further study depends on the results of the former stage study. OECD guidelines accept the analysis of pesticide level absorbed through skin without radioisotope when the recovery using the non-labeled method is within 80~120%. Various factors are reviewed in this study, including the origin of skin (gender, animal species and sites of skin), thickness, temperature and, etc., which can influence the integrity of results.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.14-19
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• 2021

본 연구는 오존화 올리브오일이 피부 질환에 우수한 치료효과를 가진다는 연구 결과가 알려지면서 오존을 피부 질환치료에 사용하려는 다양한 시도가 있어 왔지만, 적절한 계측 절차가 수립되지 않아 국내에서는 임상적으로 가치가 있는 양질의 데이터를 확보할 수 없었다. 일반적으로 화장품의 성능확인을 위한 목적으로 동물실험을 통해 실측 데이터 계측을 진행하는 경우는 많지 않지 않으나, 독성실험의 경우 피부의 반응을 정확히 계측하는 것이 반드시 필요한 사항으로 권고되고 있어 본 실험이 실시되었다. 본 실험에서는 실험 Rabbit에 대한 오존화오일(고농도)에 대한 피부자극 평가를 위하여 오존화오일(고농도)을 털을 제거하여 피부가 노출된 Rabbit의 등 부위에 도포한 후 24시간 동안 영상처리장치와 육안 검사를 통해 피부 반응을 관찰하여 피부자극 평가를 위한 데이터를 확보하고자 하였고 오존화오일(고농도)의 의한 일반적인 반응, 사망과 같은 반응을 함께 측정하는 과정을 진행하였다. 총 24시간 이내의 결과에서 실험에 사용된 동물들 모두에서 시험물질 처치 부위의 육안관찰, 영상촬영을 통한 이상 반응은 관찰되지 않았고 사망과 같은 돌발적인 이상반응 역시 확인되지 않아 오존화오일(고농도)의 생체 안전성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.89-98
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• 2005

Preliminary pile load tests for the design of large diameter drilled shaft were performed on two of reduced scale(D=1370mm) test piles. The maximum loads of 2350 tonf in each direction were applied using bi-directional hydraulic jacks(Osterberg Cell) at toe. Neither of the test piles yielded in terms of skin friction and end bearing. Comparisons of the test results with several methods that estimate pile capacity show that the method of Horvath and Kenney(1979) for skin friction and Zhang and Einstein(1998) for end bearing were most appropriate for the site. The test results were directly applied to pile design in case RQD of skin and toe was larger than that of the test pile. It is desirable, therefore, to consider not only unconfined compression strength but also rock mass properties(i.e. TCR, RQD) for skin friction and end bearing evaluation in the future.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.245-248
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• 2017

Saline groundwater was obtained from a 100-m deep basalt layer into which seawater had infiltrated. This groundwater is known to contain various minerals. Like deep seawater, saline groundwater is expected to have various applications due to the presence of biologically beneficial minerals. In Korea, saline groundwater is mainly obtained from the coastal area of Jeju. Before applying saline groundwater to various products, however, its biological safety needs to be examined. In the present study, skin and eye irritation tests were performed to assess the safety of saline groundwater according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration. When compared to control, Jeju saline groundwater showed no level of eye and skin irritation. These results suggest that Jeju saline groundwater induces no irritation, and is therefore sufficiently safe to be applied to the eye and skin of people.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2017

In this study, we evaluated the potential of 70% ethanol extract from Persicaria nepalensis (PNE) as a cosmetic ingredient by primary skin irritation, ocular irritation, and maximization tests for delayed hypersensitivity in New Zealand white rabbits and Hartley guinea pig. Skin safety study was performed to evaluate the potential toxicity of PNE using the primary irritation test. In the primary irritation test, 50% PNE was applied to the skin, and no adverse reactions such as erythema and edema were observed at the intact skin sites. Therefore, PNE was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on a primary irritation index of "0.0.". In the ocular irritation test, the 50% PNE applied did not show any adverse reactions in the different parts of rabbit eyes, including the cornea, iris, and conjunctiva. Thus, PNE was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on an acute ocular irritation index of "0.0.". Skin sensitization was tested by the Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) and Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) using an intradermal injection of 10% PNE. Edema and erythema were not observed 24 and 48 h after the topical application of PNE in skin sensitization test, which exhibited a sensitization score of "0.0.". Therefore, it can be suggested that P. nepalensis could be used as potential candidates for cosmoceutical ingredients, without any major side effects.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2021

Background and Objectives Fractional microneedle radiofrequency systems are popular options to increase elasticity in aging skin. Laser-assisted drug delivery is a promising method for the epidermal injection of topically applied drugs and cosmetic ingredients. This study assesses the safety and efficacy of topical delivery of L-ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and ferulic acid after fractional microneedle radiofrequency treatment for reducing photodamage. Materials and Methods In this prospective, single-center, split-face, controlled pilot study, six women (mean age, 48.0 years; range, 35-57 years; Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV) exhibiting mild to moderate photodamage, underwent a single session of fractional microneedle radiofrequency treatment. The patients were instructed to apply the antioxidant formulation to only one side of the face. Patients were evaluated 3 days, 7 days, and 4 weeks thereafter, using three-dimensional imaging and ultrasound. Ex vivo, the full-thickness human skin was used for molecular and histological evaluation. Statistical analysis was achieved by applying t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and one-way analyses of variance. Results Compared to the untreated side, the antioxidant-treated side exhibited a significant increase in dermal thickness (10.32% vs. 17.54%, p < 0.05), but not in skin elasticity (4.76% vs. 4.69%, p > 0.05). The difference in erythema between the sides was statistically not significant (p > 0.05). In the ex vivo model, expression of FGF2 in the skin was significantly increased after application of the antioxidant formulation, as compared to results obtained subsequent to fractional microneedle radiofrequency treatment only (p < 0.01). Conclusion This study demonstrates that for the treatment of photodamaged skin, laser-assisted delivery of the antioxidant formulation is a safe and effective adjuvant modality following fractional microneedle radiofrequency.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Molecular and Cellular Response to Toxic Substances
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• pp.195-195
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• 2002

In recent years, the safety of sunscreens has been challenged based on the reports of its adverse effect on users; dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, photoallergic contact dermatitis. To investigate a correlation between sun protection factor (SPF) and the safety of sunscreens, we measured in vitro SPF index using homosalate as a standard and examined the toxicity tests on cosmetics; primary skin irritation tests, ocular irritation test, and skin sensitization test.(omitted)

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book I
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• pp.73-84
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• 2003

Skin aging process on pre-menopausal women is a problem that needs to be prevented as early as possible. The decrease of oestrogen level which is one of the intrinsic factors of the skin aging process will affect the skin biological process, due to oestrogen receptors on the skin. A number of researches conducted on pre-menopausal women with the allocation of oestrogen hormone resulted in delaying the skin aging process. The administration of soy isoflavon, a phytoestrogen found in daily food, on pre-menopausal women is hoped to be able to prevent skin aging process, even clinically or molecular biologically. This research aims to explain the benefit of administering of soy isoflavon on skin aging process. The design of the research is randomised controlled trial (RCT). As many as 60 pre-menopausal women were collected with simple random sampling method. Soy isoflavon is an independent variable, while skin aging process is a dependent variable assessed from the hydration, sebum level, average roughness, depth of wrinkles, skin clarity, length of the telomere. Analysis was conducted using t and MANDVA tests and.the result showed a significance (F = 10,439; p = 0,001) over the allocation of soy isoflavon to the whole variable dependent, including the telomere length and the skin hydration, meant that allocation of soy isoflavon could delay skin aging process.