• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.112-115
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to apply skin mobilization to patients with Axillary web syndrome following breast cancer resection and to see the resulting changes in pain and joint range of motion. Design: Single case study,pre-post comparison. Methods: The subject was a female patient in her 40s who performed a mastectomy after being diagnosed with breast cancer, and then complained of uncomfortable pain from the shoulder joint to the axilla and limited range of motion. To implement a skin mobilization, the palms were adhered to the inner half of the arm, the arms were raised to a pain-free extent, and skin mobilization was performed. The skin was pulled in the direction of axilla and kept for 5 seconds 10 times for a total of 2 sets. Immediate changes in range of motion and pain were identified. Results: Following skin mobilization, there was an immediate increase in range of motion (pre 116°, post 140°) and a decrease in pain (NRS pre 5, post 2). And also uncomfortable pain, which is hard to define in words, also seems to have improved. Conclusions: Skin mobilization, which considers skin mobility for patients with Axillary web syndrome, can be considered for improving range of motion and restoring function in patients with pain due to fibrous bands around veins and lymphatic vessels, and is recommended as a new intervention method not used as a conventional treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.24-32
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• 2012

Of many approaches to reduce motion analysis errors, the compensation method of anatomical landmarks estimates the position of anatomical landmarks during motion. The method models the position of anatomical landmarks with joint angle or skin marker displacement using the data of the so-called dynamic calibration in which anatomical landmark positions are calibrated in ad hoc motions. Then the anatomical landmark positions are calibrated in target motions using the model. This study applies the compensation methods with joint angle and skin marker displacement to three lower extremity motions (walking, sit-to-stand/stand-to-sit, and step up/down) in ten healthy males and compares their performance. To compare the performance of the methods, two sets of kinematic variables were calculated using different two marker clusters, and the difference was obtained. Results showed that the compensation method with skin marker displacement had less differences by 30~60% compared to without compensation. And, it had significantly less difference in some kinematic variables (7 of 18) by 25~40% compared to the compensation method with joint angle. This study supports that compensation with skin marker displacement reduced the motion analysis STA errors more reliably than with joint angle in lower extremity motion analysis.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.430-435
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of active movement with skin mobilization on range of motion, pain, and rating of perceived exertion in patients diagnosed with axillary web syndrome after axillary lymph node dissection. Design: A Case report Methods: It was performed on 7 patients diagnosed with axillary web syndrome after lymph node dissection. The subjects experienced a decrease in the range of joint motion and pain in movement when raising their arms in their daily lives, and complained of discomfort. The active range of motion, numeric rating scale, and modified Borg scale of shoulder joint flexion were measured, and the differences after active movement with skin mobilization were compared. Results: All subjects increased by 24.9 degree on average in active range of motion after active movement with skin mobilization intervention. There was no pain in the maximum range of joint motion measured before intervention, and rating of perceived exertion was significantly reduced. Conclusions: Active movement with skin mobilization can be a very useful way to help improve and treat axillary web syndrome, and it is recommended for improving the function and quality of life of axillary web syndrome patients. and It is also believed that it can be used steadily at home through the education of patients and families.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.844-853
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• 2015

Recently, according to change of lifestyle and increase of concerning in health, needs of the smart clothing based on the vital sign monitoring have increased. Along with this trend, smart clothing for ECG monitoring has been studied various way as textile electrode, clothing design and so on. Smart clothing for ECG monitoring can become a comfortable system which enables continuous vital sign monitoring in daily use. But, smart clothing for ECG monitoring has a weakness on artifact during motion. One of the motion artifact caused by shifting of the electrode position was affected skin change by motion. The aim of this study was to suggest electrode locations for clothing of ECG monitoring to reduce of motion artifacts. Therefore, change of skin surface during the movement were measured and analyzed in order to find location to minimize motion artifacts in ECG monitoring clothing by 3D motion capture. For the experiment, the subjects consisted of 5 males and 5 females in their 20' with average physique. As a result, the optimal location for ECG monitoring was deducted under the bust line and scapula which have least motion artifact. These locations were abstracted to be least affected by movement in this research.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.139-142
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• 2001

This paper presents a highly fast and accurate facial region extraction method by using the skin-color-reference map and motion information. First, we construct the robust skin-color-reference map and eliminate the background in image by this map. Additionally, we use the motion information for accurate and fast detection of facial region in image sequences. Then we further apply region growing in the remaining areas with the aid of proposed criteria. The simulation results show the improvement in execution time and accurate detection.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.164-170
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• 2004

The skin movement artifacts are referred to as the relative motion of skin with respect to the motion of underlying bones. This is of great importance in joint biomechanics or internal kinematics of human body. This paper describes a novel experiment that measures the skin movement of a hand based on MR(magnetic resonance) images in conjunction with surface modeling techniques. The proposed approach consists of 3 phases: (1) MR scanning of a hand with surface makers, (2) 3D reconstruction from the MR images, and (3) registration of the 3D models. The MR images of the hand are captured by 3 different postures. And the surface makers which are attached to the skin are employed to trace the skin motion. After reconstruction of 3D models from the scanned MR images, the global registration is applied to the 3D models based on the particular bone shape of different postures. The results of registration are then used to trace the skin movement by measuring the positions of the surface markers.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2002

As for planning the radiation therapy for the tumor in the lung, inferring the motion of the organ or target due to the respiration from the motion of the skin was performed as the feasibility study with the animal. The dog weighed 20 kg was chosen for the experiment. The system, which can use the fluoroscopy and the CCD camera synchronously, was designed. With a radio-opaque marker on the skin of the dog, which indicates the lower lobe of the lung, the images of the motions for the lung were recorded in the A/P (anterior-to-posterior) and lateral view. At the same time, the images of the skin motions from CCD camera were also recorded. Skin moves periodically with the amplitude of 6 mm and the target in the lung made almost the same frequencies during its motion's amplitude of 15 mm and its direction change with the respiration. Therefore analyzed results showed strong correlation between the skin motion and the organ motion on the average of 0.85. This study indicated that the prediction of a target position in the lung, which is moving organ, is possible. For the animal study, predicting the exact target motion from the skin motion was possible and it can have the feasibility to apply to the patient clinically.

• Advances in biomechanics and applications
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.269-277
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• 2014

In skin-marker based motion analysis, knee translation measurement is highly dependent on a pre-selected reference point (functional center) on each segment determined by the location of anatomical landmarks. However, the placement of skin markers on palpable anatomical landmarks (i.e., femoral epicondyles) has limited reproducibility. Thus, it produces large variances in knee translation measurement among different subjects, as well as across studies. In order improve the repeatability of knee translation measurement, in this study an optimization method was introduced, by which the femoral functional center was numerically determined. At that point the knee anteroposterior translation during the stance phase of walking was minimized. This new method was tested on 30 healthy subjects during walking in gait lab with motion capture system. Using this new method, the impact of skin marker position (at anatomical landmarks) on the knee translation measurement has been minimized. In addition, the ranges of anteroposterior knee translations during stance phase were significantly (p<0.001) smaller than those measured by conventional method which relies on a pre-selected functional center ($11.1{\pm}3.5mm$ vs. $19.9{\pm}5.5mm$). The results of anteroposterior translation using this new method were very close to a previously reported knee translation (12.4 mm) from dual fluoroscopic imaging technique. Moreover, this new method increased the reproducibility of knee translation measurement by 50%.

• International Journal of CAD/CAM
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• v.3 no.1_2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2003

This paper describes a novel experiment that measures skin movement with respect to the flexional motion of a hand. The study was based on MR images in conjunction with CAD techniques. The MR images of the hand were captured in 3 different postures with surface markers. The surface markers attached to the skin where employed to trace skin movement during the flexional motion of the hand. After reconstructing 3D isosurfaces from the segmented MR images, the global registration was applied to the 3D models based on the particular bone shape of different postures. Skin movement was interpreted by measuring the centers of the surface markers in the registered models.

• Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose a new method of reconstructing the hand models for individuals, which include the link structure models, the homologous skin surface models and the homologous tetrahedral mesh models in a reference posture. As for the link structure model, the local coordinate system related to each link consists of the joint rotation center and the axes of joint rotation, which can be estimated based on the trajectories of optimal markers on the relative skin surface region of the subject obtained from the motion capture system. The skin surface model is defined as a three-dimensional triangular mesh, obtained by deforming a template mesh so as to fit the landmark vertices to the relative marker positions obtained motion capture system. In this process, anatomical dimensions for the subject, manually measured by a caliper, are also used as the deformation constraints.