• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2019

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are glycolipids and have several pharmacological efficacies. MELs also show skin-moisturizing efficacy through a yet-unknown underlying mechanism. Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is a membrane protein that contributes to the water homeostasis of the epidermis, and decreased AQP3 expression following ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation of the skin is associated with reduced skin moisture. No previous study has examined whether the skin-moisturizing effect of MELs might act through the modulation of AQP3 expression. Here, we report for the first time that MELs ameliorate the UVA-induced downregulation of AQP3 in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT keratinocytes). Our results revealed that UVA irradiation decreases AQP3 expression at the protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, but that MEL treatment significantly ameliorated these effects. Our mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor analysis revealed that phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p38, mediates UVA-induced AQP3 downregulation, and that MEL treatment significantly suppressed the UVA-induced phosphorylation of JNK. To explore a possible mechanism, we tested whether MELs could regulate the expression of peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR-{\gamma}$), which acts as a potent transcription factor for AQP3 expression. Interestingly, UVA irradiation significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ in HaCaT keratinocytes, whereas a JNK inhibitor and MELs significantly rescued this effect. Taken together, these findings suggest that MELs ameliorate UVA-induced AQP3 downregulation in HaCaT keratinocytes by suppressing JNK activation to block the decrease of $PPAR-{\gamma}$. Collectively, our findings suggest that MELs can be used as a potential ingredient that modulates AQP3 expression to improve skin moisturization following UVA irradiation-induced damage.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2016

Many minerals and nutrient salts are abundant in Jeju lava sea water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the skin hydration effects of Jeju lava sea water. The skin barrier serves as a protective barrier that prevents the loss of moisture. The water holding capacity and water transport of the epidermis have been proposed to be important determinants of skin hydration. Jeju lava sea water increased the mRNA expression of filaggrin and caspase-14 which is related to natural moisturizing factor (NMF) formation. Aquaporins 3 (AQP3) are proteins that facilitate the transport of water across cell membranes. Jeju lava sea water increased the mRNA expression and protein expression of AQP3. We employed a skin equivalent model to assess the efficacy of Jeju lava sea water. In a skin equivalent model, Jeju lava sea water increased the CD44 (hyaluronic acid receptor) which is related to skin hydration. From these results, we found out Jeju lava sea water maybe help to skin hydration.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 2014

The skin is an organ that covers the outside of the human body. And it regulates body temperature, performs sensory function, deliveries the drug, and represents the abnormality of the internal organs. For these reasons, people have been expressing the condition of the body based on the state of the skin of the face to detect sign of health, "you look well", "face with vitality". Depending on the degree of aging and the environment, it is a fact that skin color, skin texture, moisture and firmness could be different. In particular, the color of the skin acts as a factor that affects to determine the subjective impression such as beauty and charm. We could expect consumer's demand through the market of whitening cosmetics and skin treatment. However, existing most of the cosmetics focus on improving whiteness. The number of studies that focused on skin color is not enough. In this study, we found out the skin color condition by carrying out surveys of 100 women between 30s and 40s. Our study would be very useful to develop new cosmetic products and to satisfy customer's needs.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 2017

In this study, we evaluated the skin moisturizing effect of Brasenia schreberi (B. schreberi) mucilage polysaccharide on human skin and in vitro and the potent cosmetic ingredient for skin. To protect skin from various environmental stresses and aging, we should increase moisture content of skin and prevent water loss. We have found that polysaccharides extracted from mucilage of B. schreberi improved the roughness of skin with its lubricating behavior. In vitro, the expression of transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) gene, which plays a role in cross-linking the skin barrier, was increased when the keratinocytes were treated with B. schreberi polysaccharides. In addition, the expression of hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3) gene, an enzyme that synthesizes water-binding matrix hyaluronic acid, aquaporin 3 (AQP3), which regulates the movement of water and glycerol were also increased. In addition, an experiment to evaluate its potential as a cosmetic ingredient has shown anti-inflammatory and collagen synthesis-promoting effects. As a result, the mucilaginous polysaccharide from natural products which has not existed before, showed moisturizing effect, anti-inflammation and collagen synthesis-promoting effects for skin protection and hydration.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.361-369
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• 2020

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and multifactorial inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by skin barrier dysfunction, inflammation, and chronic pruritus. AD has a complex etiology that includes genetic, immunological, and environmental factors that cause skin barrier abnormalities and immune dysfunctions. Sophora flavescens (SF) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine, but little research has been conducted on its anti-AD efficacy. In this study, we evaluated the effect of SF extract (SFE) on improving skin barrier function and immune abnormalities, which are the main symptoms of AD. SFE has the capacity to enhance the formation of cornified envelope (CE) that plays an important role in the skin barrier function. In addition, it was confirmed that SFE increased the expression of hyaluronic acid related to skin moisture. The effect of SFE against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which increases specifically in AD lesions, confirmed that SFE inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by S. aureus. Furthermore, SFE was shown to inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by substance P (SP), the cause of skin neurogenic inflammation. These results demonstrate that SFE could be one of potential candidate agent for the treatment of AD by improving the skin barrier function and immune responses.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 2008

On living skin the chances of a successfully developing latent fingerprint are very limited. This is due to the fact that continual perspiration and rapid absorption diffuse into the lipophillic layer on skin. A study was conducted to investigate effectively developing method of latent fingerprints on human skin surfaces and pig skin likely corpse's skin. We used commercial fingerprint powder, black powders, black magnetic powder, fluorescence magnetic powder, Cyanoacrylate fuming (CA) and direct lifting methods (lifting paper, glasses and photo glossy paper). Developing of fresh fingerprints on living skin was achieved with S-powderblack, CA fuming and CA fuming following S-powder, fluorescence powder. The other powder tends to overwhelm the latent print and the background. But, latent fingerprint residue was disappeared with time after deposit on a living surface. In case of pig skin likely corpse's skin, latent fingerprint detection was achieved with CA fuming following S-powder and deposited print during 6 hr at $25^{\circ}C$, 40% relative moisture yielded excellent fingerprints with clear ridge details using 1 min CA fuming. And enhancement of fingerprint detection image using forensic light source was achieved.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.1 s.49
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• pp.97-102
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• 2005

One of the key molecules involved in skin moisture is hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA) with its associated water of hydration. The predominant component of the ECM (extracellular matrix) of skin is HA. It Is the primordial and the simplest of the GAGs (glycosaminoglycans), a water-sorbed macromolecule In extracellular matrix, Included between the vital cells of epidermis. In the skin, HA was previously thought to derive extlusively from dermis. But, recent studies revealed that HA could be synthesized in epidermis. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that is found mainly in foods of plant origin. Kaempferol was known to increase glutathione synthesis in human keratinocyte. And quercetin blocked PPAR-meidated keratinocyte differentiation as lipoxygenase inhibitors. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effect of flavonid, kaempferol and quercetin on production HA in keratinocyte. We examined the changes of three human hyaluronan synthase genes (HASI, HAS2, HAS3) expression by semi-quantitative RT-PCR when kaempferol or quercetin was added to cultured human keratinocytes. We found that these flavonoids slightly upregulated HAS2, HAS3 mRNA after 24 h. And we investigated the effect on HA production by ELISA. When we evaluated the level of HA in culture medium after 24 h incubation. We found enhanced accumulation of HA in the culture medium. Although the effects of above flavonoids are less than retinoic acid, the data indicate that kaempferol, quercetin can dose-dependently increase the level of HA in epidermis cell line. It suggested that flavonoid, kaempferol, and quercetin increased production of HA in skin and it helped to elevate skin moisture and improve facial wrinkle.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2017

Physicochemical properties of spent hen chicken-thigh sausage manufactured with 0 (control), 1, 3, and 5% pork skin gelatin were determined. The moisture contents of samples containing pork skin gelatin were higher than control samples. The pH value of cooked samples increased with increasing pork skin gelatin level (p<0.05). The lightness and yellowness values of cooked samples containing gelatin were higher than lightness and yellowness values of the control (p<0.05). The cooking yield of samples increased with increasing concentration of pork skin gelatin (p<0.05). The samples containing 3 and 5% pork skin gelatin showed higher viscosity than control and gelatin 1% sample (p<0.05). Hardness values were lowest in the of control group and highest in samples containing 5% pork skin gelatin (p<0.05). Overall acceptability of 5% gelatin samples was higher than acceptability of the control samples (p<0.05). The results showed that the pork skin gelatin could improve the physicochemical properties of spent hen chicken-thigh sausage.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.543-547
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• 2015

We investigated the combined moisturizing effect of liposomal serine and a cosmeceutical base selected in this study. Serine is a major amino acid consisting of natural moisturizing factors and keratin, and the hydroxyl group of serine can actively interact with water molecules. Therefore, we hypothesized that serine efficiently delivered to the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin would enhance the moisturizing capability of the skin. We prepared four different cosmeceutical bases (hydrogel, oil-in-water (O/W) essence, O/W cream, and water-in-oil (W/O) cream); their moisturizing abilities were then assessed using a $Corneometer^{(R)}$. The hydrogel was selected as the optimum base for skin moisturization based on the area under the moisture content change-time curves (AUMCC) values used as a parameter for the water hold capacity of the skin. Liposomal serine prepared by a reverse-phase evaporation method was then incorporated in the hydrogel. The liposomal serine-incorporated hydrogel (serine level=1%) showed an approximately 1.62~1.77 times greater moisturizing effect on the skin than those of hydrogel, hydrogel with serine (1%), and hydrogel with blank liposome. However, the AUMCC values were not dependent on the level of serine in liposomal serine-loaded hydrogels. Together, the delivery of serine to the SC of the skin is a promising strategy for moisturizing the skin. This study is expected to be an important step in developing highly effective moisturizing cosmeceutical products.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.232-238
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• 2020

This study evaluated the anti-aging activity with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and moisture activity of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLS). GLS increased DPPH radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manners. Anti-inflammatory assay measured the inhibitory effect of GLS on NO, TNF-α and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. As a result GLS inhibited NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, IL-6 production. Also using human fibroblast cell to the procollagen production analysis and COL1A1 mRNA expression level analysis for defining, and for AQP-3 mRNA expression level analysis, used human keratinocyte cell. GLS increased procollagen production and COL1A1, AQP-3 mRNA expression. Our results suggest that the GLS have potential anti-inflammatory and wrinkle improves, skin moisture effect.