• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.105-111
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• 2012

Objectives : An objective measurement for the effects of acupuncture therapy had been regarded as one of the important agendas in the research of acupuncture. This case report aimed to measure the changes of blood flow on the skin flap after one session of electroacupuncture treatment. Methods : A 27-year-old male patient was treated with ipsilateral or contralateral electroacupuncture on the $LI_{11}$, $LU_{10}$, $LI_{10}$, $TE_5$, $SI_3$ and Ex- $UE_9$(Palsa) in the arm with the skin flap on dorsal region of the hand. Changes of blood perfusion on the skin flap and opposite dorsum of hand were measured with laser Doppler blood perfusion imager(LDPI). Results : Immediate post-treatment relative changes of the blood perfusion on the skin flap and opposite hand after one session of ipsilateral electroacupuncture was 21% and 18% higher than values from pre-treatment assessment, respectively. On the contrary, when needled contralaterally, relative changes of the blood perfusion on the affected and unaffected hand was 7% lower and 22% higher than values from pre-treatment assessment, respectively. Mean differences of the blood perfusion between on the skin flap and on control hand remained similar after the ipsilateral acupuncture treatment but substantially increased(44.58 of perfusion units). Conclusions : Electroacupuncture may alter the local blood flow on the skin flap. More study is needed to investigate the effects of acupuncture on the blood flow and microcirculation on the skin tissue by well-designed clinical and experimental studies.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.2 s.33
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• pp.179-186
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• 2007

Objective : Skin barrier protects skin against harmful environment. Its function includes antimicrobial barrier as well as physical barrier. But there are few studies about skin barrier function about men and women who don't have skin disease. The aim of this study is to investigate skin barrier function healthy men and women show. Method : There are many ways to measure skin barrier function, but lately transepidermal water loss is mainly used to know skin barrier function. Transepidermal water loss was measured over eight four the Korean twenties and thirties who don't have skin disease from March 14th, 2007 to March 16th 2007. We surveyed cubital fossa and cheek beside nose to measure transepidermal water loss and used vapometer. Result : After analyzed data, we concluded that cheek showed higher transepidermal water loss than cuital fossa. At cheek, the thirties had higher transepidermal water loss than the twenties. The male got higher transepidermal water loss than the female at cheek and in the average. And temperature and humidity effected on transepidermal water loss. Conclusion: In our study, it was observed that temperature and humidity effected on transepidermal water loss. In traditional korean medicine, the inbalance of cold(寒), heat(熱), dryness(燥), wetness(濕) makes many diseases and the inbalance of them induces dameum(痰飮) and the disorder of blood flow. Dameum(痰飮) and the disorder of blood flow make skin diseases made by abnormal skin barrier function in many ways. So we need to study dameum(痰飮) and the disorder of blood flow to take care of patients who have abnormal skin barrier function.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.202-207
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of monochromatic infrared energy (MIRE) on the blood flow of the superficial radial artery and local skin temperature in healthy subjects. Methods: Forty healthy volunteers were recruited and randomly assigned to MIRE group (n=20) and placebo group (n=20). The MIRE group received a 890 nm MIRE irradiation on the forearm using two therapy pads for 30 minutes. The therapy pad was composed of an array of 60 diodes. MIRE unit was set at bar 8, that corresponds to a diode power of 10 mW and a power density of $63mW/cm^2$. The placebo group received sham MIRE. Peak blood flow velocity (PBFV), mean blood flow velocity (MBFV), and skin temperature (ST) were measured pre- and post-MIRE irradiation. Results: There was a significant difference in PBFV (p<0.001), MBFV (p<0.001), and ST (p<0.001) between the pre- and post-treated values in the MIRE group. In contrast, no significant difference was found between the pre- and post-treated values in the placebo group. There was significant difference in mean change values from baseline of PBFV (p<0.001), MBFV (p<0.001), and ST (p<0.001) between the MIRE group and the placebo group. There was a significant increase in PBFV (p<0.001), MBFV (p<0.001), and ST (p<0.001) following MIRE irradiation. Conclusion: The arterial blood flow and local skin temperature of the forearm in the healthy subjects were significantly increased following MIRE irradiation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.88-106
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• 2005

AMF(amplitude modulated frequency) is defined as currents in the frequency range 1 to 100Hz. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of blood flow and skin temperature according to different stimulating frequency($1{\sim}30Hz,\;30{\sim}50Hz,\;50{\sim}100Hz$) of interferential currents. The results were as follow; 1. There were statistical significance on the blood flow with IFC 1, IFC 2, and IFC 3 group, and inter-groups(p<0.05). 2. There were statistical significance on the skin temperature with IFC 1 and IFC 3 group, and inter-groups(p<0.05). 3. IFC 1 was more statistical significance than IFC 3 group on blood flow(pP<0.05) 4. There was no statistical significance between IFC 1 and IFC 3 group on skin temperature(p>0.05).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.729-733
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• 2004

Jaeum-Dan was reported new anti-aging effect formula previously. We investigated the physiological effects on human skin with Jaeum-Dan essence (JED). We made a skin application product as essence form contained oriental herbs, and measured various physiological effects such as skin moisture contents, red blood cell flow rates, skin surface temperature, corneocyte exfoliation and skin intensity when volunteers(female, n=40) used the application product for 4 weeks. The results were as follows: The skin moisture contents were not only increased in human face skin through using the product, but also red blood cell flow :rates in face skin were increased. After using the essence, the face skin temperature rose and corneocyte exfoliation was decreased. Furthermore the upper dermis intensity of skin in female face was subsequently increased 4 weeks later. The results indicate that the application product containing JED was improved the physiological effects of human facial skin..

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.179-201
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of application methods in ultrasound on skin temperature and muscle blood flow. Thirty healthy volunteers without known vascular problems participated and randomly divided into three groups such as continuous wave group (CWG) which received a ultrasound treatment of continuous-wave, intermittent wave group (IWG) which received a ultrasound treatment of intermittent-wave at a dosage of $1.5\;W/cm^2$ for a duration of 5 minutes, and placebo group (PG) which received a ultrasound treatment of no-wave and no-dosage ultrasound to the anterior forearm. Blood flow and skin temperature was measured using MP 150 before and after ultrasound administration. The results were as follows : 1. Administration of ultrasound in all groups had increased effect on skeletal muscle blood flow immediately after treatment and for up to 10 minutes posttreatment. 2. CWG and IWG showed increased skin temperature immediately after a ultrasound administration and maintained to 10 minutes posttreatment. PG showed increased skin temperature immediately after a ultrasound administration but returned to initial state to 10 minutes posttreatment. 3. The great change on skeletal muscle blood flow among three groups showed in CWG ($6.27{\pm}1.72$) and then displayed in PG ($5.12{\pm}1.66$) and IWG ($4.61{\pm}2.19$) in order. 4. The vast change on skin temperature among three groups showed in CWG and then IWG and PG in order.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2008

Objectives: We investigated the physical effects of the cosmetics containing Ginkgo biloba. with meridian massage on human skin by using non-invasive instruments. Methods: We made cosmetics containing the extract of Ginkgo biloba. and measured physiological effects such as skin moisturization, blood flow, skin color, sebum secretion, skin evenness of volunteers applied the cosmetic products with meridian massage for 2 weeks. Results: Topical applications of w/o cream that 1 % Ginkgo biloba. was emulsified, showed significant improvement of blood flow, water contents and $L{\ast}$ value of the face skin. And the skin evenness, sebum contents and skin surface smoothness were improved after 2 weeks. Conclusions: The combination of cosmetics containing the extract of Ginkgo biloba. with meridian massage improved the physical properties of human skin during a treatment. Especially the meridian massage played a role of enhancing the effect of the cosmetics containing Ginkgo biloba.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.249-254
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• 2017

The cutaneous microcirculation plays a role in various physiological processes and pathological conditions. Two non-invasive methods were used in this study to obtain reference values for cutaneous microcirculation in intact male beagles. Twenty intact male beagles were used. The experimental environments were standardized. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure cutaneous blood flow, and an infrared thermometer was used to measure cutaneous temperature. The blood flow and temperature were measured from the right side of the subjects at 20 cutaneous sites. Based on the laser Doppler flowmetry, the region with the highest blood flow was the periocular region that with the lowest was the forelimb foot pad. In addition, the standard deviation of the chest wall was the highest while that of the periocular region was the lowest. For skin temperature, the inguinal region had the highest mean skin temperature and the forelimb foot pad had the lowest. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.72. Similar to a previous study, the values derived from repeated measurements at the 20 regions are reproducible and can contribute to research. Compared to the results of a previous study, the temperatures of the two smallest skin regions were the same; however, no specific trend was observed. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was significantly comparable, and this good correlation can reduce their limitations and variables complementarily. In addition to possible use in human studies, accumulated resources on measurements of skin blood flow in the future will potentiate its use in the veterinary medicine field.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.143-150
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• 2015

Objectives : This study aim to find out the reason why perspiration related with the Heart in Korean Medicine. Results : Perspiration is closely connected with the Heart because sweat is a kind of ultrafiltrate of the blood and the Heart conducts blood. In order to perspire, it is necessary to increase blood flow to capillary surrounding sweat glands. The Heart plays an important role in increasing blood flow to capillary surrounding sweat glands. Perspiration controls the body temperature. It must be increase the blood flow to skin in order that down the high body temperature. The Heart plays an important role in increasing blood flow. Conclusions : Perspiration is closely connected with the Heart because sweat is a kind of ultrafiltrate of the blood and there are plenty capillary surround sweat gland. The Heart controls the blood flow to skin in order to regulate of body temperature.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.51-65
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• 1990

The purpose of the present study was to examine the hemodynamic responses, especially in arterial and skin blood flows, in conjunction with the changes of plasma catecholamine levels as an indirect marker of adrenergic tone during the early stage of head-down tilt (HDT), and to evaluate the early physiological regulatory mechanism in simulated weightlessness. Ten mongrel dogs, weighing8\;{\sim}\;14\;kg, were intravenously anesthetized with nembutal, and postural changes were performed by using the tilting table. The postural changes were performed in the following order: supine, prone, HDT $(-6^{\circ}C)$ and lastly recovery prone position. The duration of each position was 30 minutes. The measurements were made before, during and after each postural change. The arterial blood flow $({\.{Q}})$ at the left common carotid and right brachial arteries was measured by the electromagnetic flowmeter. Blood pressure (BP) was directly measured by pressure transducer in the left brachial artery. To evaluate the peripheral blood flow, skin blood flow $({\.{Q}})$ was calculated by the percent changes of photoelectric pulse amplitude on the forepaw, and skin temperature was recorded. The peripheral vascular resistance (PR) was calculated by dividing respective mean BP values by ${\.{Q}}$ of both sides of common carotid and brachial arteries. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f) and PH, $Po_{2},\;Pco_{2}$ and hematocrit of arterial and venous blood were also measured. The concentration of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine was measured by radioenzymatic method. The results are summarized as follows: Tilting to head-down position from prone position, HR was initially increased (p<0.05) and BP was not significantly changed. While ${\.{Q}}$ of the common carotid artery was decreased (p<0.05) and PR through the head was increased, ${\.{Q}}$ of the brachial artery was increased (p<0.05) and PR through forelimbs was decreased. ${\.{Q}}$ of the forepaw was initially increased (p<0.05) and then slightly decreased, on the whole revealing an increasing trend. Plasma norepinephrine was slightly decreased and the epinephrine was slightly increased. f was increased and arterial pH was increased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the central blood pooling during HDT shows an increased HR via Bainbridge reflex and an increased ${\.{Q}}$ of the forepaw and brachial ${\.{Q}}$, due to decreased PR which may be originated from the depressor reflex of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors. It is suggested that the blood flow to the brain was adequately regulated throughout HDT $(-6^{\circ}C)$ in spite of central blood pooling. And it is apparent that the changes of plasma norepinephrine level are inversely proportional to those of ${\.{Q}}$ of the forepaw, and the changes of epinephrine level are paralleled with those of the brachial ${\.{Q}}$.