• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

This thesis analyzed the uniqueness of a toilet plane structure, centering on a case of Beautiful Public Toilet Construction Project under a project by Chungcheongnam-do and drew a conclusion as followings. Most of public toilets, constructed under a project by Chungcheongnam-do, were located in remains, tourist resorts, parks, and the outskirts of traditional markets. They were constructed at the selected location within an easy access of most user and plane structure was also designed so that the persons, in charge of management and maintenance, and the users could use them without difficulty. But some public toilets didn't establish the handicaps' toilet or made them difficult to sue due to location or size. The plane structure style was various such as a rectangular, stream line, or circle in accordance with location or building size. A circle-styled toilet offered a good view but didn't offer a good access or an effective space for users. In addition, when a handicapped person enters a toilet, he or she has to enter or go out of it through a sliding dor. So a constructor has to make progress of a work in accordance with this point.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.1 s.54
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• pp.88-97
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide a guideline for the bathroom fixtures of the aged by examining current status. The study has been carried out by measuring physical size of 50 aged peoples over 65 years old and their bathroom fixture status. The results were revealed as follows; 1. The height of washstand is $0.46\~0.52$ time of person's height. Adequate height of wash stand is proposed as $74\~80$ cm. The height of current market available wash stand is very close to the proposed size. 2. The height of toilet is $0.23\~0.27$ time of person's height. Adequate height of toilet is proposed as $38\~41$ cm. The height of current market available toilet is also very close to the proposed size. 3. The height of bathtub is $0.26\~0.35$ time of person's height. Adequate height of bath tub is proposed as $45\~49$ cm. The proposed height is higher than that of current bath tub available in the market. However, it should be noted that the proposed height is the sum of bath tub it self and elevation during actual installation. As stated above, it is revealed that the physical dimensions of the bathroom fixtures in the current market are properly sized. However, to draw more practical guideline for the bathroom fixture, more studies including actual experimentation will be required in the future.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the difference in toilet approach way by wheelchair users according to the direction of the door and to suggest the layout of the toilet rooms most accessible to the wheelchair users. Methods: Survey to wheelchair users about approach to toilet have been conducted for the data collection. 90 answers have been analyzed statistically by SPSS 19.0 program. Results: The conclusions of this study are as follows. Firstly, spinal cord disorders prefer diagonal approach and lateral approach to the toilet, but brain lesions prefer diagonal approach and frontal approach to toilet. Secondly, the manual wheelchair users prefer the diagonal approach and the lateral approach to the toilet, and the electric wheelchair users has a different approach way to the toillet depending on the direction of the door. Finally, the layout of accessible toilets have to be designed for the diagonal approach to toilet, which is most preferred by wheelchair users. Implications: The toilet approach varies according to the disability types and the wheelchair types. Therefore, the size of accessible toilets should be larger than now considering the access of variety wheelchair users.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.27-35
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• 2018

Purpose: The diverse users and the increase of power wheelchair users have made it difficult to apply the standards of Wheelchair user accessible toilet rooms for the existing law and BF-certification. To address these issues, the standards of the relevant laws have been improved (Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2018), but there are still many problems. In this study, problems with the standards for Wheelchair user accessible toilet rooms in Korea are analyzed by comparing national and international standards. In addition, improvements to standards for Wheelchair user accessible toilet rooms will be suggested. Method: It presents improvement for standards of Wheelchair user accessible toilet rooms by comparing national, international standard and standards of many countries. Korean standard, International Standard(ISO 21542), American Standard(ADA Standards), German Standard(DIN 18040-1), Austrian Standard($\ddot{O}NORM$ B 1600) and Swiss Standard(Norm SIA 500) were investigated and analyzed. Results: Korea's standards differ from the ISO and the Standards of other countries in many ways, so there is a need for realignment. Specifications for disabled toilets and clear criteria for the size, shape, and location of sanitary appliances in toilets that are practically available to wheelchair users should be provided. Considering the increasing number of disabled toilet users, the installation of various disabled toilet rooms should be considered considering the user characteristics of those who can walk and wheelchair users. Implication: Recent partial improvements to relevant laws cannot meet the requirements of various users. Therefore, comprehensive and clear standard should be presented that take into account changing society and the environment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.9-18
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• 2008

The study was intended to suggest the design alternatives of rural village community center based on the design directions which were derived from the previous research, and to evaluate the alternatives by rural residents. The previous research was carried out to grasp the conditions and user's needs of rural village community center. The subjects were 100 residents who lived in rural area in Chonlabukdo. The interview was carried out using a questionnaire with model and isometrics of two alternatives, which showed floor plan and building shape. The subjects evaluated positively both of two alternatives, but slightly more preferred alternative | because of a spacious diningroom and an indoor toilet. The size of a livingroom and entrance, indoor toilet space/location, storage space and deck were significant elements in two alternatives according to t-test. They responded that both of indoor and outdoor toilet should be planned in rural village center. Also, each toilet and room for man and woman should be separated. Entrance space should be enough to take on/off their shoes in a sitting position and deck space was planned to intermediate between indoor and outdoor space.

• Journal of Korea Ship Safrty Technology Authority
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• s.22
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• pp.54-64
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• 2007

This study is about the size and the number of toilets in the passenger ships. National regulations and other countries regulations were searched and analyzed. The toilets in the passenger ship, that are engaged in Busan City, Inchen City and Mokpo City were also searched and these present situation of the toilets were used with basic data of this study. Finally, we give a suggestion on the size and the number of toilets in the passenger ship.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.459-464
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to design a toilet lifting seat to prevent falls accidents in the elderly while using the toilet. Prior to design, laws and national standards related to restroom use were investigated and the available space for the assistive devices to be installed was determined. In additions, considering the body size and operating range of the elderly, the optimal final position of the toilet seat is set so that users can use it more safely and conveniently without external help. Moreover, in order to provide an effective standing assistance function, a complex 4-bar link structure was applied to enable simultaneous seat elevation and angle adjustment when operating the device, and the appropriate link shape and dimensions were determined using a linkage program and UG NX. FEA analysis using ANSYS Workbench is performed to ensure the robustness of the stretched linkage and the feasibility of the lifting seat is verified through fabrication.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.45-52
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• 2014

Recently, Korean people are more interested in leisure time as the Korean economy has enjoyed the economic growth on a continual basis. Along with it, the disabled people's demand for enjoying the beach is growing. To meet the disabled people's demand for enjoy the beaches, it is important to prepare the convenient facilities where the disabled people in the wheel chair can use comfortably, including the handicapped parking area, toilet for the disabled, shower stall room and am bathhouse. On the backdrop of this, the study has been made on the obstacles which keep the disabled people from using the convenient facilities installed on 12 beaches in the southern coat of Korea from the perspective of barrier free design. This study showed that half of the beaches in question did not have the handicapped parking places. The parking space was also so narrow that it was difficult for handicapped people to access the parking lot with their vehicles. There were also 3 beaches which did not have the toilet for the disabled. Even the beaches which have the toilet for the disabled, the size of entrance door and floor space was so narrow and there were a lot of physical obstacles such as no handles for the disabled people that it was really hard for the disabled people in wheelchair to use them.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.307-317
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• 2013

Elementary school's physical environment is critical to lower grade students. Among the many physical conditions, Toilet, which belongs to health and sanitation category is very important to those who start school for the first time. The purpose of this study is for suggesting the guidelines of toilet design reflecting psychological and behavioral aspects of lower grade students. The research was executed as follows. Firstly, focused survey groups were carefully chosen. Five elementary schools were selected, being all open after 2005 under Seoul Gangseo District Office of Education. Secondly, field study was executed to find out toilet usage, during the period between April to June 2012, by visiting schools to see basic facilities, taking pictures and making actual measurement in each toilets. The architectural analysis was focused on location, moving line, actual size and space zoning, while the interior analysis being on finishing materials and the design of sanitary equipments. And the design elements such as color, lighting fixture, art works or signage were analysed, too. Finally, questionnaire survey was done to find out preferences of lower grade students. As a result, the guidelines of toilet design can be divided into two main parts, Physical and Psychological. For the Physical part, it is necessary for related facilities to be concentrated in order to give easy access. In addition, good ventilation, better lighting and to install sanitary equipments ergonomically are required. Furthermore, safe and clean maintenance should be considered. Psychologically, the design should be directed for making lower grade students come to toilets with comfort and more pleasantly.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.154-164
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to identify more types of residents in medium-sized apartments in Seoul by lifestyle that has been used as a variable of space planning and to investigate and present bathroom design appropriate for characteristics of each resident type. The article examines the general characteristics, lifestyle types, and preference for the bathroom design. A total of 642 samples, acquired via internet survey, were analyzed with the statistical computer program SPSS PC+ window version 16.0. The conclusion of the article are as follows: 1) The lifestyle of users living in medium-sized apartments are categorized into 4 types: trend seeking, aesthetic seeking, family seeking, information seeking types. 2) The preference for the bathroom design of trend seeking type, the toilet is a bidet-builtin type and the washstand is a semi-counter type and the bathtub is a spa type and the shower booth is a bathtub-extending type. The storage closet is a upper-fixed type with two sides, the finishing materials are tiles and PVC monorium, and light built in a wall. 3) The preference for the bathroom design of aesthetic seeking type, the toilet is a bidet-builtin type and the washstand is a semi-counter type and the bathtub is a whirlpool type and the shower booth is a steam-sauna type. The storage closet is a upper-fixed with one side and opened closet, the finishing materials are tiles. 4) The preference for the bathroom design of family seeking type, the toilet is a bidet-builtin type and the washstand is a stand type and the bathtub is a reclamation type and the shower booth is a partition type. The storage closet is a upper-fixed with three sides. 5) The preference for the bathroom design of information seeking type, the toilet is a bidet-builtin type and the washstand is a semi-counter and the bathtub is a spa type and the shower booth is a partition type. The storage closet is a upper-fixed type with two sides. The results of this study may be used as basic data in planning bathroom design for housing supply for housing suppliers, and used as significant information for residents to identify their own types that can be referred when they select apartments to live in.