• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.567-580
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• 2005

Numerous tests on concrete structure members under local pressure demonstrated that the compressive strength of concrete at the loaded surface is increased by the confinement effect provided by the enveloping concrete. Even though most design codes propose specific criteria for preventing bearing failure, they do not take into consideration size effect which is an important phenomenon in the fracture mechanics of concrete/reinforced concrete. In this paper, six series of square prism concrete blocks with three different depths (size range = 1:4) and two different height/depth ratios of 2 and 3 are tested under concentrated load. Ultimate loads obtained from the test results are analysed by means of the modified size effect law (MSEL). Then, a prediction formula, which considers effect of both depth and height on size effect, is proposed. The developed formula is compared with experimental data existing in the literature. It is concluded that the observed size effect is in good agreement with the MSEL.

• KCI Concrete Journal
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2000

The effect of structure size on the nominal strength of unidirectional fiber-polymer composites, failing by propagation of a kink band with fiber microbuckling, is analyzed experimentally and theoretically. Tests of novel geometrically similar carbon-PEEK specimens, with notches slanted so as to lead to a pure kink band (without shear or splitting cracks), are conducted. The specimens are rectangular strips of widths 15.875, 31.75. and 63.5 mm (0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 in and gage lengths 39.7, 79.375 and 158.75 mm (1.563, 3.125 and 6.25 in.). They reveal the existence of a strong (deterministic. non-statistical) size effect. The doubly logarithmic plot of the nominal strength (load divided by size and thickness) versus the characteristic size agrees with the approximate size effect law proposed for quasibrittle failures in 1983 by Bazant This law represents a gradual transition from a horizontal asymptote, representing the case of no size effect (characteristic of plasticity or strength criteria), to an asymptote of slope -1/2 (characteristic of linear elastic fracture mechanics. LEFM) . The size effect law for notched specimens permits easy identification of the fracture energy of the kink bandand the length of the fracture process zone at the front of the band solely from the measurements of maximum loads. Optimum fits of the test results by the size effect law are obtained, and the size effect law parameters are then used to identify the material fracture characteristics, Particularly the fracture energy and the effective length of the fracture process zone. The results suggest that composite size effect must be considered in strengthening existing concrete structural members such as bridge columns and beams using a composite retrofitting technique.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1999년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집(I)
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• pp.135-140
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• 1999

The size effect of axial compressive strength of concrete in notched specimens was experimentally investigated. Based on the concept of the fracture mechanics and size effect law, theoretical studies for axial compressive failure of concrete were reviewed, and two failure modes of concrete specimen under compression were discussed. In this study, experiment of axial compressive failure, which is one of the two failure modes, was carried out by using double cantilever fracture specimens. By varying the slenderness of cantilevers and the eccentricity of applied loads with respect to the axis of each cantilever, the size effect of axial compressive strength of concrete was investigated, and predicted by Bazant's size effect law. The test results show that size effect appears conspicuously for all series of specimens. For the eccentricity of loads, the influence of tensile and compressive stress at the notch tip are significant and so that the size effect is varied. In other words, if the influence of tensile stress at the notch tip grows up, the size effect of concrete increases. And the fact that the fracture process zone must be sufficiently secured for more accurate experiment was affirmed.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2000

The size effect on axial compressive strength in notched concrete specimens was experimentally investigated. Based on the concept of the fracture mechanics and size effect law, theoretical studies for axial compressive failure of concrete were reviewed, and two failure modes of concrete specimens under compression were discussed. In this study, experiments of axial compressive failure, which is one of the two failure modes, was carried out by using cylindrical specimens. Adequate notch length was taken from the experimental result of strength variation based on the notch length. And, by taking various sizes of specimens the size effect on axial compressive strength of concrete was investigated. Also, model equations were suggested by modified size effect law (MSEL). The test results show that size effect appears conspicuously for all series of specimens. Additionally, the effect of initial notch length on axial compressive strength was also apparent.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2019

In the present study, effect of size and placement of cubic specimens on compressive strength of self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC) were considered. To do so, 81 specimens of different sizes (50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm) were prepared by using three different mixes of SCLC. Results of the cured specimens were then used in regression analyses to find predictive equations with regard to both the placement direction and the size. Test results showed that the strength ratio in cases in which the direction of loading and placement were parallel, were higher than those specimens, whose configurations were normal between loading and placement. In addition, strength ratios in SCLC mixes were slightly higher than those are for self-compacting normal weight concrete. In order to analyze the effect of size on compressive strength the conventional size effect law as well as the modified size effect law (MSEL) were used. Besides, the convergence criterion of nonlinear regression process of size effect study has been discussed. Analyses of the results showed that the unconstraint nonlinear regression in size effect study of SCLC mixes could lead to erroneous results.

• 콘크리트학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.91-100
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• 1990

초기 균열을 갖는 대부분의 구조 부재의 있어서, 부재의 크기가 중가함에 따라 일반적으로 강도가 감소하는 현상을 보인다. 이를 크기효과라고 하며, 특히 콘크리트는 유리, 철과같은 구조 재료와는 달리 초기균열이 없는 경우에도 이러한 크기효과를 나타낸다는 것이 실험에 의해 나타나고 있다. 기존의 크기효과 법칙을 따르면 크기가 배우 큰 콘크리트 부재는 응력을 거의 받을 수 없는 것으로 나타나나, 실험에 의하면 강도의 감소율이 현저하게 감소되어 기존의 크기효과 법칙과 큰 차이를 보인다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 콘크리트 구조물의 비선형 파괴역학에 근거하여 비유사 균열이 존재하는 경우에 대한 크기효과식을 유도하여 기존의 할열인장강도, 전단강도 및 압축강도 실험치에 대한 회귀분석을 통하여 보다 나은 모델식을 제시하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2019

Experimental isotherm compressive tests show that concrete behaviour is dependent on temperature. The aim of such tests is to reproduce how concrete will behave under environmental changes within a moderate range of temperature. In this paper, a novel constitutive elastic damage behaviour law is proposed based on a free energy with an apparent damage depending on temperature. The proposed constitutive behaviour leads to classical theory of thermo-elasticity at small strains. Fixed elastic mechanical characteristics and fixed evolution law of damage independent of temperature and the material volume element size are considered. This approach is applied to compressive tests. The model predicts compressive strength and secant modulus of elasticity decrease as temperature increases. A power scaling law is assumed for specific entropy as function of the specimen size which leads to a volume size effect on the stress-strain compressive behaviour. The proposed model reproduces theoretical and experimental results from literature for tempertaures ranging between $20^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$. The effect of the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the mortar and coarse aggregates is also considered which gives a better agreement with FIB recommendations. It is shown that this effect is of a second order in the considered moderate range of temperature.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.673-686
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• 2015

R-curve based on the size effect law previously developed for geometrically similar specimens (geometry type III) is extended to geometries with variable depth (geometry type I) as well as with variable notch (geometry type II), where the R-curve is defined as the envelope of the family of critical strain energy release rates from specimens of different sizes. The results show that the extended R-curve for type I tends to be the same for different specimen configurations, while it is greatly dependent on specimen geometry in terms of the initial crack length. Furthermore, the predicted load-deflection responses from the suggested R-curve are found to agree well with the testing results on concrete and rock materials. Besides, maximum loads for type II specimen are predicted well from the extended R-curve.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.299-306
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• 2015

국내 포장 콘크리트의 품질관리는 KS 규정에 따라 재령 28일 휨 인장강도를 기준으로 평가되고 있으며, 현재 대부분 사용되고 있는 휨 인장강도 시험체는 상대적으로 큰 $150{\times}150{\times}550mm$ 시험체를 사용하고 있다. 이에 따라 시험체의 취급이 어렵고 양생조의 활용도가 떨어지고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 휨 인장강도 시험체를 줄여 이 같은 문제점을 해결하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 KS에서 규정되고 있는 시험체 크기의 내에서 로그 스케일에 따른 압축강도 및 휨 강도 시험을 실시하고, 시험체 크기를 변수로 설정하여 강도 및 표준편차를 분석하였다. 또한 이와 같은 실내 실험을 바탕으로 Bazant가 제안한 크기 효과 법칙(Size effect law, SEL)의 예측식을 사용하여 비교 분석함으로써 시험체 크기간의 상관성을 검토하여 콘크리트 포장의 품질 평가시 시험체 크기 축소를 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.459-475
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• 2009

This paper presents analytical methodologies for remaining life prediction of plain concrete structural components considering tension softening and size effects. Non-linear fracture mechanics principles (NLFM) have been used for crack growth analysis and remaining life prediction. Various tension softening models such as linear, bi-linear, tri-linear, exponential and power curve have been presented with appropriate expressions. Size effect has been accounted for by modifying the Paris law, leading to a size adjusted Paris law, which gives crack length increment per cycle as a power function of the amplitude of a size adjusted stress intensity factor (SIF). Details of tension softening effects and size effect in the computation of SIF and remaining life prediction have been presented. Numerical studies have been conducted on three point bending concrete beams under constant amplitude loading. The predicted remaining life values with the combination of tension softening & size effects are in close agreement with the corresponding experimental values available in the literature for all the tension softening models.