• Title/Summary/Keyword: Size Distribution Function

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The Legal Base and Validity of Reviewing Medical Expenses in the Health Insurance (건강보험 진료비심사의 법적 근거와 효력)

  • Kim, Un-Mook
    • The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.137-177
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    • 2007
  • The medical expenses review system in Korea has developed under fee-for-service system with its own unique structure. The importance of reviewing medical expenses has been emphasized, as the size of medical expenditures moving through the health insurance legal context and its weight in the national economy have increased very rapidly. It is, however, analyzed that the feuds and arguments continue among the stakeholders for the lack of laws supporting the medical expenses review system. The medical expenses review is a series of administrative procedures, deciding whether claims from medical care institutions to the insurer are legal and valid or not. It mainly controls the increase of unnecessarily excessive health insurance claim and prevents fraudulent claim and abuse and checks the less use or unsuitable use of medical resources. It also works a function guarantees medical benefits for the appropriate treatment according to the object of health insurance system as a social insurance scheme. The dispute on legal base of the medical expenses review is about the source of law in the medical expenses review. There are the Health Insurance Act and administrative laws as jus scriptum and the guidelines of review as administrative orders. The medical expenses review should reflect various factors, such as the development of medical healthcare technologies, the health expenditures distribution, the financial situation of the health insurance, and the evaluation on the level of appropriate benefits. It is also likely to adapt to the traits of characters of medicine, and trends and transition, Besides it should judge the legality and the validity of medical benefits expenditures by synthesizing these all factors. And the evaluation system of appropriateness of medical benefits was administrative procedure which was consecutive with reviewing the medical expenses system and it was intended to make up for the result of reviewing the medical expenses in more comprehensive levels.

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On the Analysis of Physical Distribution System in Mokpo Port (목포항 물류시스템의 분석에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, C. Y.;Nam, M. U.
    • Journal of Korean Port Research
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 1996
  • Rapid change in the technological environment of marine transportation and the development of the ocean shipping industry have fostered a revolution in the port system. This in turn has caused major changes in the function and use of port in Korea. Aside from this, Mokpo Port, however continues to decline, because the existing port facilities and related subsystem are already obsolete with no chance of regaining operational effectiveness and treatment for proper implementation. Although a few studies have been done on the Mokpo Port, has not been found, any reseach for the analytical approach to the transportation system of it. This paper aims to make an extensive analysis of the physical distribution system in Mokpo Port focusing on the coordination of subsystems such as navigational aids system. The base of introduced simulation tool here is the queueing theory. The overall findings are as follows: 1. Among those vessels called at Mokpo Port in 1994, 556 ships(2,736,669 G/T) are oceangoing while 8155 ships(2,587,217 G/T) are domestic. The average size of oceangoing vessels is 4,922,1 G/T, and the domestic is 317,8 G/T. The average arrival interval and service time of the domestic vessels are 6.0 hours and 24.1 hours respectively marking the berth occupation rate over 100%. Those for oceangoing vessels are 34.5 hours, 120.0 hours and 37.2%. In order to maintainin the berth occupation rate to 70% the capacity considering the 1994 of domestic piers must be extended to 145% and oceangoing vessels must be increased to 165%. 2. The capacity of approaching channel is enough to handle the total traffic volume of 3. Tugs are sufficiently being provided to handle all ships requiring their services 4. The capacity of storage and inland transportation systems are sufficient to handle the throughput and the yard stroage utilization rate of No.1 - No.5 is 4.5% and No.6 is 30% of 1993's. 5. The utilization rate of LLC(Level Looping Crane) and PNT(PNeumaTic) are 2.7% and 18.8%, respectively.

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Development of Intelligent ATP System Using Genetic Algorithm (유전 알고리듬을 적용한 지능형 ATP 시스템 개발)

  • Kim, Tai-Young
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.131-145
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    • 2010
  • The framework for making a coordinated decision for large-scale facilities has become an important issue in supply chain(SC) management research. The competitive business environment requires companies to continuously search for the ways to achieve high efficiency and lower operational costs. In the areas of production/distribution planning, many researchers and practitioners have developedand evaluated the deterministic models to coordinate important and interrelated logistic decisions such as capacity management, inventory allocation, and vehicle routing. They initially have investigated the various process of SC separately and later become more interested in such problems encompassing the whole SC system. The accurate quotation of ATP(Available-To-Promise) plays a very important role in enhancing customer satisfaction and fill rate maximization. The complexity for intelligent manufacturing system, which includes all the linkages among procurement, production, and distribution, makes the accurate quotation of ATP be a quite difficult job. In addition to, many researchers assumed ATP model with integer time. However, in industry practices, integer times are very rare and the model developed using integer times is therefore approximating the real system. Various alternative models for an ATP system with time lags have been developed and evaluated. In most cases, these models have assumed that the time lags are integer multiples of a unit time grid. However, integer time lags are very rare in practices, and therefore models developed using integer time lags only approximate real systems. The differences occurring by this approximation frequently result in significant accuracy degradations. To introduce the ATP model with time lags, we first introduce the dynamic production function. Hackman and Leachman's dynamic production function in initiated research directly related to the topic of this paper. They propose a modeling framework for a system with non-integer time lags and show how to apply the framework to a variety of systems including continues time series, manufacturing resource planning and critical path method. Their formulation requires no additional variables or constraints and is capable of representing real world systems more accurately. Previously, to cope with non-integer time lags, they usually model a concerned system either by rounding lags to the nearest integers or by subdividing the time grid to make the lags become integer multiples of the grid. But each approach has a critical weakness: the first approach underestimates, potentially leading to infeasibilities or overestimates lead times, potentially resulting in excessive work-inprocesses. The second approach drastically inflates the problem size. We consider an optimized ATP system with non-integer time lag in supply chain management. We focus on a worldwide headquarter, distribution centers, and manufacturing facilities are globally networked. We develop a mixed integer programming(MIP) model for ATP process, which has the definition of required data flow. The illustrative ATP module shows the proposed system is largely affected inSCM. The system we are concerned is composed of a multiple production facility with multiple products, multiple distribution centers and multiple customers. For the system, we consider an ATP scheduling and capacity allocationproblem. In this study, we proposed the model for the ATP system in SCM using the dynamic production function considering the non-integer time lags. The model is developed under the framework suitable for the non-integer lags and, therefore, is more accurate than the models we usually encounter. We developed intelligent ATP System for this model using genetic algorithm. We focus on a capacitated production planning and capacity allocation problem, develop a mixed integer programming model, and propose an efficient heuristic procedure using an evolutionary system to solve it efficiently. This method makes it possible for the population to reach the approximate solution easily. Moreover, we designed and utilized a representation scheme that allows the proposed models to represent real variables. The proposed regeneration procedures, which evaluate each infeasible chromosome, makes the solutions converge to the optimum quickly.

Estimation of Parameters in Water Retention Function using Volumetric Pressure Plate Extractor (체적기압판 추출장치를 이용한 물보유함수의 매개변수 추정)

  • 윤성용;박재현;김상준
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.144-152
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    • 1997
  • In this study the experiment on water retention cure was conducted by using a volumetric pressure plate extractor for two different soils (SUS and KUS). When the volumetric pressure plate extractor is used, the volume of water removed from the soil sample at each increasing pressure step can be accurately measured and retained. When pressure values are subsequently reduced, the volume of water that returns to the soil can then also be accurately measured. The hysteresis effect of water retention curve was considered in the experiment. Parameters of water retention function were estimated by fitting experimental data with three proposed equations. Results of estimation showed that parameters of Gardner, Brooks-Corey and van Genuchten equations were found to be associated with air-entry value and width of size distribution. Consequently van Genuchten equation was proved to be best fined through the measured data points.

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Dosimetric Consideration of the Lung Block in the Mantle Field (Mantle Field에서 Lung Block의 선량분포 고려)

  • Yoo Myung-Jin;Sin Byung-Chul;Moon Chang-Woo;Jeung Tae-Sig;Yum Ha-Yong
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.199-203
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    • 1995
  • Purpose: To evaluate the dose under lung block as a function of depth and the effectiveness of a block as a function of block width. Materials and Methods : Field size of mantle field was $22.8{\times}32.4cm^2.$ Dose distribution of the mantle field was measured with two dimensional water phantom system. To analyze the effectiveness of the lung block. central axis plane, 5cm off-axis plane, and 10cm off-axis plane were studied. Results: The dose under the lung block was recorded with maximum at the depth between 5cm and 10cm. In the central axis plane, dosimetric block width was $10-15\%$ less than physical block width. In the 5cm off-axis plane, dosimetric block width was $4-9\%$ less than physical block width. In the 10cm off-axis plane, dosimetric block width was $2\%$ less than physical block width. Conclusion: Depth dependence of the dose under the lung block was founded. Also, block width dependence of the lung block was founded. To induce the accurate relation between the physical block width and the 'effective' block width, it needs more detailed understanding of the variables involved.

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Management of Knowledge and Information Resources Made by Research Institutes: Focusing on the Homepags of Educational Research Institutes (연구기관 생산 지식정보자원 관리에 관한 연구: 교육연구기관 홈페이지를 중심으로)

  • Lee, Myeong-Hee
    • Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.177-202
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    • 2015
  • This research was conducted to evaluate whether knowledge and information resources produced in four educational institutions function as a knowledge management system in the institutions, and to suggest a proposed plan for the foundation of the national knowledge management system. Knowledge and information resources available on the institutes' websites were classified as 'knowledge and information resources of result', 'knowledge and information resources of process', and 'knowledge and information resources of communication'. The application of metadata and the configuration of the search system were examined by content analysis method. From the result, 8 ways to improve the management of knowledge and information resources have been found; the development of standardized metadata and classification scheme, high recognition that the website is a counter for external distribution of knowledge and information resources, various searching skills and the provision of knowledge maps available, provision of linked information for original information acquisition, awareness of the agency managers and homepage managers to the homepages as knowledge management systems, segmentation of appropriate data size unit in a mobile environment work, an organic linkage function of the internal electronic approval system and the homepage have been proposed.

Numerical Signal Prediction and Calibration Using the Theory of a Current-Type Electromagnetic Flowmeter for Two-Phase Slug Flow (슬러그 2상유동에서 전류형식 전자기유량계 수치적 신호예측 및 보정)

  • Ahn Yeh-Chan;Oh Byung Do;Kim Jong-Rok;Kim Moo Hwan;Kang Deok-Hong
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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    • v.29 no.6 s.237
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    • pp.671-686
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    • 2005
  • The transient nature and complex geometries of two-phase gas-liquid flows cause fundamental difficulties when measuring flow velocity using an electromagnetic flowmeter. Recently, a current-sensing flowmeter was introduced to obtain measurements with high temporal resolution (Ahn et al.). In this study, current-sensing flowmeter theory was applied to measure the fast velocity transients in slug flows. The velocity fields of axisymmetric gas-liquid slug flow in a vertical pipe were obtained using Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method, and the virtual potential distributions for the electrodes of finite size were also computed using the finite volume method for simulating slug flow. The output signal prediction for slug flow was carried out from the velocity and virtual potential (or weight function) fields. The flowmeter was numerically calibrated to obtain the cross-sectional liquid mean velocity at an electrode plane from the predicted output signal. Two calibration parameters are proposed for this procedure: a flow pattern coefficient and a localization parameter. The flow pattern coefficient was defined by the ratio of the liquid resistance between the electrodes for two-phase flow with respect to that for single-phase flow, and the localization parameter was introduced to avoid errors in the flowmeter readings caused by liquid acceleration or deceleration around the electrodes. These parameters were also calculated from the computed velocity and virtual potential fields. The results can be used to obtain the liquid mean velocity from the slug flow signal measured by a current-sensing flowmeter.

Development of a Current-Type Electromagnetic Flowmeter to Obtain the Liquid Mean Velocity in Two-Phase Slug Flow (슬러그류 액상속도 측정용 전류형식 전자기유량계 개발)

  • Kang, Deok-Hong;Ahn, Yeh-Chan;Kim, Jong-Rok;Oh, Byung-Do;Kim, Moo-Hwan
    • Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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    • 2004.04a
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    • pp.1951-1956
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    • 2004
  • The transient nature and complex flow geometries of two-phase gas-liquid flows cause fundamental difficulties when measuring flow velocity using an electromagnetic flowmeter. Recently, a current-sensing flowmeter was introduced to obtain measurements with high temporal resolution (Ahn et $al.^{(1)}$). In this study, current-sensing flowmeter theory was applied to measure the fast velocity transients in slug flows. To do this, the velocity fields of axisymmetric gas-liquid slug flow in a vertical pipe were obtained using Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method and the virtual potential distributions for the electrodes of finite size were also computed using the finite volume method for the simulated slug flow. The output signal prediction for slug flow was carried out from the velocity and virtual potential (or weight function) fields. The flowmeter was numerically calibrated to obtain the cross-sectional liquid mean velocity at an electrode plane from the predicted output signal. Two calibration parameters are required for this procedure: a flow pattern coefficient and a localization parameter. The flow pattern coefficient was defined by the ratio of the liquid resistance between the electrodes for two-phase flow with respect to that for single-phase flow, and the localization parameter was introduced to avoid errors in the flowmeter readings caused by liquid acceleration or deceleration around the electrodes. These parameters were also calculated from the computed velocity and virtual potential fields. The results can be used to obtain the liquid mean velocity from the slug flow signal measured by a current-sensing flowmeter.

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Study on the Characteristics of the Absorbency Silicone by Super Absorbent Polymers (고흡수성 수지를 이용한 흡수성 실리콘의 특성 연구)

  • Cha, Gook-Chan;Song, Jeom-Sik;Lee, Suk-Min
    • Elastomers and Composites
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    • v.47 no.2
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    • pp.141-147
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    • 2012
  • Silicone resin has no water-absorbing function because it is a strong hydrophobic polymer. However, addition of super absorbent polymer gives much better absorbency than that of conventional silicone resin. In this study, we developed novel silicone materials with water-absorbing function by choosing three types of amorphous acrylic super absorbent polymers with different particle sizes, determining the mixing ratio of the three polymers and applying the mixtures into two-component type silicone material for medical purpose. The change in the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, compressive strength and hardness was investigated by varying the particle size and content ratio of the added super absorbent polymers while preparing the silicone resins. The absorbency of the silicone resins was measured over time. Additionally, the particle shape of the super absorbent polymers as well as the distribution within the silicone resin was observed using an optical microscope.

A Study on Improving Scheme and An Investigation into the Actual Condition about Components of Physical Distribution System (물류시스템 구성요인에 관한 실태분석과 개선방안에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Kyeong-Cho
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.47-56
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    • 2009
  • The purpose of this study is to present an alternative improving the efficient and reasonable of the physical distribution system management is influenced by many factors. Therefore, the study depends on the documentary method and survey method to achieve the purpose of this study. The major components of a physical distribution system are refers to as elements, include warehouse·storage system, transportation system, inventory system, physical distribution information system. The factors used in this study are ① factor of product(quality·A/S·added value of product·adaption of product·technical competitive power to other enterprises), ② factor of market(market channel·kinds of customer·physical distribution share), ③ factor of warehouse·storage(warehouse design·size·direction·storage ability·warehouse quality), ④ factor of transportation(promptness·reliability·responsibility·kinds of transportation·cooperation united transportation system·national transportation network), ⑤ factor of packaging (packaging design·material·educating program·pollution degree measure program), ⑥ factor of inventory(ordinary inventory criterion·consistence for inventories record), ⑦ factor of unloaded(unloaded machine·having machine ratio), ⑧ factor of information system (physical distribution quantity analysis·usable computer part), ⑨ factor of physical distribution cost(sales ratio to product) ⑩ factor of physical distribution system(physical distribution center etc). The implication of this study can be summarized as follows: ① In firms that have not adopted a systems integrative approach, physical distribution is a fragmented and often uncoordinated set of activities spread throughout various functions with function having its own set of priorities and measurements. ② The physical distribution is recognized as more an important strategic factor than a simple cost reduction factor, ③ It can be used a strategic competition tool to enterprise.

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