• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2010

As a preliminary survey to improve efficiency of well-based permeable reactive barrier system for groundwater remediation, this site-scale study was carried to identify the flowpaths and controlling factors of plume at a remediation site in Suwon City, Korea. A total of 22 monitoring wells were installed as a grid system in the $4m{\times}4m$ square area by 1-m interval. For the groundwater characterization, various tests were performed including water-level monitoring, water sampling & analysis, pumping and slug tests, and tracer tests. The aquifer appeared to be unconfined with hydraulic conductivities (K) ranging from $2.6{\times}10^{-4}cm/s$ to $9.5{\times}10^{-3}cm/s$. The average linear velocity of groundwater was estimated to be $2.94{\times}10^{-6}m/s$, and the longitudinal dispersivity of a conservative tracer to be $5.94{\times}10^{-7}m^2/s$. Groundwater plume moves preferentially through the high-K zones, and the relatively high ion concentrations along the low-K zones implying deterred groundwater flow. Consequently, the spatial variation of hydraulic conductivity caused by aquifer heterogeneity and anisotropy appears to be the most important factor to maximize the effect of plume treatment system for application of in-situ groundwater remediation techniques.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2016

Background: In situ gamma spectrometry has been used to measure environmental radiation, assumptions are usually made about the depth distribution of the radionuclides of interest in the soil. The main limitation of in situ gamma spectrometry lies in determining the depth distribution of radionuclides. The objective of this study is to develop a method for subsurface characterization by in situ measurement. Materials and Methods: The peak to valley method based on the ratio of counting rate between the photoelectric peak and Compton region was applied to identify the depth distribution. The peak to valley method could be applied to establish the relation between the spectrally derived coefficients (Q) with relaxation mass per unit area (${\beta}$) for various depth distribution in soil. The in situ measurement results were verified by MCNP simulation and calculated correlation equation. In order to compare the depth distributions and contamination levels in decommissioning KRR site, in situ measurement and sampling results were compared. Results and Discussion: The in situ measurement results and MCNP simulation results show a good correlation for laboratory measurement. The simulation relationship between Q and source burial for the source layers have exponential relationship for a variety depth distributions. We applied the peak to valley method to contaminated decommissioning KRR site to determine a depth distribution and initial activity without sampling. The observed results has a good correlation, relative error between in situ measurement with sampling result is around 7% for depth distribution and 4% for initial activity. Conclusion: In this study, the vertical activity distribution and initial activity of $^{137}Cs$ could be identifying directly through in situ measurement. Therefore, the peak to valley method demonstrated good potential for assessment of the residual radioactivity for site remediation in decommissioning and contaminated site.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2013

The contamination of chlorinated ethenes at an industrial complex, Wonju, Korea, was examined based on sixteen rounds of groundwater quality data collected from 2009 to 2013. Remediation technologies such as soil vapor extraction, soil flushing, biostimulation, and pumping-and-treatment have been applied to eliminate the contaminant sources of trichloroethylene (TCE) and to prevent the migration of TCE plume from remediation target zones. At each remediation target zone, temporal monitoring data before and after the application of remediation techniques showed that the aqueous concentrations of TCE plume present at and around the main source areas decreased significantly as a result of remediation technologies. However, the TCE concentration of the plumes at the downstream area remained unchanged in response to the remediation action, but it showed a great fluctuation according to seasonal recharge variation during the monitoring period. Therefore, variations in the contaminant flux across three transects were analyzed. Prior to the remediation action, the concentration and mass discharges of TCE at the transects were affected by seasonal recharge variation and residual DNAPLs sources. After the remediation, the effect of remediation took place clearly at the transects. By tracing a time-series of plume evolution, a greater variation in the TCE concentrations was detected at the plumes near the source zones compared to the relatively stable plumes in the downstream. The difference in the temporal profiles of TCE concentrations between the plumes in the source zone and those in the downstream could have resulted from remedial actions taken at the source zones. This study demonstrates that long term monitoring data are useful in assessing the effectiveness of remediation practices.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

The programmable logic array to match the treatment technology to the soil contaminated site based on the site properties in Korea was developed. Based on the previous technology screening system of FRTR (Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable) in USA, total 9 evaluation factors indicating the site characteristics were used for the technology matching process and 8 factors among them were quantitatively weighed in the order of importance. The class interval for each evaluation factor was linearly distributed to give the weighed score and 8 scores were summed up to prioritize the treatment technology. The optimal treatment technology for a specific site was determined according to the total score acquired from 8 evaluation factors used in this technology matching process. The reliability test for the developed technology matching system was done by using information of two real cleanup sites in Korea, suggesting that this guideline will be available to determine the most effective treatment technology to cleanup the soil contaminated site and also to assist the government or the company to design a successful and cost-effective site cleanup plan in Korea.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2010

Pneumatic fracturing is an emerging tool to enhance the remediation efficiency of contaminated unsaturated zones by injecting high pressure air and inducing artificial fracture networks. Pneumatic fracturing is reported to be well suited for the cases where the contaminated unsaturated zone thickness is less than 5 m as many contaminated domestic sites in Korea. Nevertheless, there have been almost no studies carried out on the site-specific efficiency and the optimized design of pneumatic fracturing considering the unsaturated zone characteristics of Korea. In this study, we employ numerical simulations to compare the efficiency of pneumatic fracturing on the aspect of the site remediation and the porosity improvement at several hypothetic unsaturated zones composed of four typical soil types. According to the simulation results, it is found that the zone with fine grains soil such as clay and silt shows better efficiency than the zone composed of coarse grains in terms of air flow and porosity enhancements. The results imply that pneumatic fracturing may improve the efficiency of site reclamation by jointly or independently applied to the many contaminated sites in Korea.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2008

Laboratory analytical results of 22 sets of hydrophobic adsorbent coils containing surface soil-vapor and two soil samples collected by conventional intrusive method from each boring location at two active dry cleaning facilities in the State of Illinois, U.S.A, were presented to evaluate the performance of soil-vapor survey. The most critical factor to determine the effectiveness of soil-vapor survey is the distance from the soil-vapor sampling device to the actual contamination, which is a function of soil porosity, permeability, primary lithology, and other geological and hydrogeological site-specific parameters. Also this factor can be affected by the history of contaminant-generating operations. The laboratory analytical results in this study showed longer dry cleaning operation history (i.e., 50 years) and presence of fine sand at the beneath Site B allow the contaminants to migrate farther and deeper over a fixed time compared to Site A(i.e., 35 years and silty clay) so that the soil-vapor survey is not likely the most effective environmental site investigation method alone for Site B. However, for Site A, the soil-vapor survey successfully screened the site to identify the location reporting the highest soil concentration of chlorinated solvents.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2005

본 논문은 유류로 오염된 부지를 DSB(Deep-site Biopile) system을 이용하여 정화함으로써 적용 가능한 현장특성을 평가하기 위한 것이다. 오염부지는 유류가 유출되어 깊이 약 2.5 m 부근에 위치하는 지하수의 흐름에 띠라 광범위하게 오염(총 $7,201m^3$) 되어 있었으며, 투수성이 좋은 Sand층으로 구성되어 있다. 부지 내 설치된 배관은 각 지점마다 독립적으로 제어될 수 있도록 하였으며, DSB system의 가동은 24시간을 기준으로 30분 가동/30분 정지되도록 하였다. 오염부지 내 오염원이 저감되는 현황을 파악하기 위하여 DSB system 가동시간에 따른 시료채취 작업을 수행한 결과, DSB system 가동 후 약 30여일 만에 총석유계탄화수소 및 BTEX 오염원이 약 50% 이상 저감되었으며 약 165일이 경과한 후에는 토양오염 확인기준 이하로 저감되어 정화작업이 정상적으로 완료되었다. 이와 같이 본 DSB system은 기존에 적용되어 왔던 생물학적 공법들과는 달리 높은 농도의 유류화합물로 오염되어 있는 토양 및 지하수를 약 6개월의 단기간에 효과적으로 처리할 수 있었으며 정화 system을 지상이 아닌 지중에 설치함으로써 별도의 부지가 확보되지 않은 경우에도 적용할 수 있는 특성이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2006

중금속으로 오염된 농경지 토양을 효과적으로 보권하기 위해서는 토양 매체내에서 반응과정을 거치는 중금속의 동태와 이동성에 따라 한 가지 이상의 복원기술이 선택되어야 한다. 오염토양 복원 시 중요한 토양의 물질적 수리적 요인은 투수성, 공극성, 토성과 토양조직, 오염물질의 형태와 농도, 오염물질의 동태와 이동특성이다. 따라서 중금속으로 오염된 농경지 토양에 적용할 수 있는 복합복원기술 개발 방법을 기존의 사용하고 있는 적용 가능한 화학적 기술과 물리적 기술을 중심으로 검토하여 보았다. 심층토내 중금속을 제거하는 화학적 기술로서 토양세척이 있으나 이러한 단일 기술로는 효과적 복원이 어렵다. 따라서 토양세척기술이 가지고 있는 단점을 보완하기 위한 물리적 기술로 토양파쇄 기술이 있다. 그러나 토양세척과 토양파쇄 기술은 혼용하여 오염토양에 적용할 지라도 오염물질제거율은 높은 이류 흐름 지역에서는 확산유동에 의해 비율제한적으로 된다. 그러므로 선택된 두 가지 기술을 현장에서 효과적으로 적용하기 위해서는 오염토양 복원 시 공정별로 각각의 기술이 가지는 장단점을 파악하기 위해서는 기존 현장에서 기술 적용 시 발견된 문제점과 요인들을 검토하여야 한다. 또한 복원의 효율을 예측하기 위해서는 오염물질의 역학적 탈착, 유동과 이동을 포함하는 예상수학모형을 통해 오염토양의 이질성과 복합 반응에 의한 실질 심층토내에서의 유동 경로 정확한 특성을 파악하여야 한다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 1998년도 공동 심포지엄 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.81-85
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• 1998

In the present study, the design method of containment walls is proposed by utilizing an existing site. The selected remedy for the Source Area of Operable Unit 2 at Hill Air Force Base stipulated containment of the pure-phase trichloroethylene contamination. The in-place-mixed wall construction was selected because of the irregular topography, small area of the site, and the requirement to reach depths of greater than 90 feet below ground surface. Bench-scale compatibility studies were performed for the containment wall mix design on three commercial bentonite clays. The samples were subject to screening tests and long-term tests for evaluation of changed soil properties when exposed to the contaminated groundwater.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 ITC-CSCC -3
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• pp.1893-1896
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• 2002

Remediation Selection Expert System (RSES) is a rule-based expert system which is used far the selection of remediation techniques fur petroleum contaminated sites. In this paper, we describe a fuzzy logic-based sub-system: Site Characterization Sub-System (SCSS). It is an enhancement of the RSES, which is used to analyze the hydraulic properties of contaminated sites. This paper focuses on an explanation on how to apply fuzzy set theory for identification of soil types and hydraulic properties of a contaminated site. To illustrate application of fuzzy set theory to the problem, two sample cases are presented in detail.