• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.447-453
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• 2014

Effect of oxygen content in the ultrafine tungsten powder fabricated by electrical explosion of wire method on the behvior of spark plasma sintering was investigated. The initial oxygen content of 6.5 wt% of as-fabricated tungsten powder was reduced to 2.3 and 0.7 wt% for the powders which were reduction-treated at $400^{\circ}C$ for 2 hour and at $500^{\circ}C$ for 1h in hydrogen atmosphere, respectively. The reduction-treated tungsten powders were spark-plasma sintered at $1200-1600^{\circ}C$ for 100-3600 sec. with applied pressure of 50 MPa under vacuum of 0.133 Pa. Maximun sindered density of 97% relative density was obtained under the condition of $1600^{\circ}C$ for 1h from the tungsten powder with 0.7 wt% oxygen. Sintering activation energy of $95.85kJ/mol^{-1}$ was obtained, which is remarkably smaller than the reported ones of $380{\sim}460kJ/mol^{-1}$ for pressureless sintering of micron-scale tungsten powders.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2018

The objective of this study is to reveal the sintering mechanism of mixed Ti-6Al-4V powders considering the densification and the homogenization between Ti and Al/V particles. It is found that the addition of master alloy particles into Ti enhances densification by the migration of Al into the Ti matrix prior to the self-diffusion of Ti. However, as Ti particles become coarser, sintering of the powders appears to be retarded due to slower inter-diffusion of the particles due to the reduced surface energies of Ti. Such phenomena are confirmed by a series of dilatometry tests and microstructural analyses in respect to the sintering temperature. Furthermore, the results are also consistent with the predicted activation energies for sintering. The energies are found to have decreased from 299.35 to $135.48kJ{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ by adding the Al/V particles because the activation energy for the diffusion of Al in ${\alpha}-Ti$ ($77kJ{\cdot}mol^{-1}$) is much lower than that of the self-diffusion of ${\alpha}-Ti$. The coarser Ti powders increase the energies from 135.48 to $181.16kJ{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ because the specific surface areas of Ti decrease.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1998

20mol% Gd-doped CeO2 ultrafine powders as a promising electrolyte for the low temperature solid ox-ide fuel cells were synthesized with particle sizes of 15-20 nm using glycine nitrate process(GNP) fol-lowed by sintering their pellets at 150$0^{\circ}C$ for various times in air and then the electrical properties of the sintered pellets were investigated. The sintering behaviors and electrical properties for the sintered 20 sintered mol% Gd-doped CeO2 pellets were analyzed using dilatometer and SEM and AC two-terminal impedance technique respectively. As the heating temperature increased the synthesized powder had the sintering behaviors to show the start of the significant shrink at temperature of about $700^{\circ}C$ and to show the end of the shrink at the temperature of about 147$0^{\circ}C$. When the pellets were sintered with the vaious times at 150$0^{\circ}C$ the temperatuer which the shrink had been already completed the grain sizes in the sintered 20 mol% Gd-doped GeO2 pellets increased with the increase of the sintering time but their electrical resis-tivities showed the minimum value at the sintering time of 10h. It is due that the pellet sintered for 10h had the minimum activation energy fior the electtrical conduction. Thus it is thought that the decrease of the activation energy with the increase of the sintering time to 10h is induced by the enhanced mi-crostructure like the decrease of pore amount and the grain growth and its increase with the sintering times more than 10h is induced by the increase of the amounts of the impurities such as Mg. Al and Si from the sintering atmosphere.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.305-307
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• 1997

Gd-doped $CeO_2$, ultrafine powders were synthesized by the glycine-nitrate process and then their sintering and electrical characteristics were analysed using the dilatometric and AC impedance measurements. In the dilatometric measurements green bodies from the synthesized powders after milling shrinked to about $1470^{\circ}C$ in appearance and then expanded thermally with the increase of the heating temperature, whereas those from the synthesized powders before milling continuously shrinked to the temperatures of $1600^{\circ}C$. It may be due to the change of the packing density of the synthesized powders by milling. In the AC impedance measurements, the electrical resistivity of the Gd-doped $CeO_2$ bodies from the as-milled powders, sintered at $1500^{\circ}C$ with the increase of the sintering time, showed the minimum value at the sintering time of 10h. The minimum total resistivity of the Gd-doped $CeO_2$ bodies sintered at $1500^{\circ}C$ for 10h seems to result from the lowest activation energy by the combination between the activation energies for the resistivities at the grain interior and grain boundary.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.324-333
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• 1997

Porous alumina specimens with 80~92% relative densities were prepared from ultrasonic spray pyrolyzed alumina Powders by sintering at $1600^{\circ}$~ $1700^{\circ}C$. The exaggerated grain growth appeared to high sintering temperature and long soaking time. The microstructural development during sintering was investigated using image analysis. In the study of grain growth kinetics for sintering for spray prolyzed alumina powder, the activation energy for normal grain growth was 386.77 kJ/mol.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.278-285
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• 2001

In this study, the effects of the variables on sintering of simulated fuel to simulate the spent fuel are described. Mainly, the effects of compaction pressure, sintering temperature and time on the density of pellet are described. The experimental is performed with compaction pressure of 1 ton/$\textrm{cm}^2$~4 ton/$\textrm{cm}^2$, sintering temperature of 167$0^{\circ}C$, 173$0^{\circ}C$ and 178$0^{\circ}C$ and sintering time of 4 hr, 8 hr and 24 hr. The green density of simulated fuel is proportional to the one third power of compaction pressure and the sintered density is 90.5~99.6% of theoretical density. The grain growth exponent and activation energy of simulated fuel is 2.5 and 287.97 kJ/mol, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2007

The typical MCFC (molten carbonate fuel cell) anode is made of Ni-10%Cr alloy. The work of this paper is focused concerning long life of anode because Ni-10% Cr anode is suffering from sintering and creep behavior during cell operation. Therefore, Ni-coated Alumina powder($20{\mu}m$) was developed by electroless nickel plating. Optimum condition of electroless nickel coation on $20{\mu}m$ alumina is as follows: pH 11.7, temperature $65{\sim}80^{\circ}C$, powder amount $100cm^2/l$. The deposition rate for Ni-electroless plating was as a function of temperature and activation energy was evaluated by Arrhenius Equation thereby activation energy calculated slope of experimental data as 117.6 kJ/mol, frequency factor(A) was $6.28{\times}10^{18}hr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 1998

Sintering kinetics of ball-milled $MoSi_2$ was studied with the addition of Ni. $MoSi_2$ powder with the average particle size of 1 $\mu\textrm{m}$ was obtained from ball-milling of 10 $\mu\textrm{m}$ powder. Small amount of Ni was added to the ball-milled $MoSi_2$ powder by salt solution and reduction method. The powder was compacted into cylindrical shape at 200 MPa and isothermally sintered in a $H_2$ atmosphere at the temperature range of 1100~$1400^{\circ}C$ for 3~600 minutes. The changes of linear shrinkage and sintered density were monitored as a function of sintering time. The microstructure was observed by using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Phases were identified by X-ray diffratometer and electro-probe micro analysis. Sintering kinetics of Ni-added powder was compared to as-milled powder and the apparent activation energy was calculated from Arrhenius plot.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.274-275
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• 2006

The sintering behavior of titanium-titanium nitride nanocomposite powders has been studied by dilatometry. Titanium. titanium nitride nanocomposite powders were produced by the reactive milling of micron sized titanium powder $(12\;{\mu}m)$ in nitrogen atmosphere. The Ti-TiN nanocomposite powders milled for various durations along with the initial micron sized Ti powders were then sintered in the temperature range of $450-1000^{\circ}C$ by a constant rate of heating $(10^{\circ}C/min)$. The linear shrinkage, shrinkage rate, activation energy for sintering and microstructure has been studied and discussed as a function of milling time.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2001

Ultrafine $(CeO_2)_{0.9}(Gd_2O_3)_{0.1}$ solid solution powders synthesized by the glycine-nitrate process, with specific surface areas of $19-23\;\textrm{m}^2$/g were sintered at $1500^{\circ}C$ for various sintering times and then their electrical characteristics were investigated using AC impedance and four-point probe measurements. The electrical resistivity of the sintered $(CeO_2)_{0.9}(Gd_2O_3)_{0.1}$ bodies showed the minimum value at the sintering time of 10 hrs. The minimum total resistivity of the $(CeO_2)_{0.9}(Gd_2O_3)_{0.1}$ bodies sintered at $1500^{\circ}C$ for 10 hrs seems to result from the lowest activation energy for the electrical resistivity by the combination between the activation energies for the resistivities at the grain interior and grain boundary.