• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 1997년도 추계학술강연 및 발표대회 강연 및 발표논문 초록집
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• pp.7-7
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• 1997

During sintering of very porous green bodies, as obtained by compaction of hard powders - such as tungsten carbide or ceramics - or by injection moulding, important shrinkage occurs. Due to heterogeneous green density field, gravity effects, friction on the support, thermal gradients, etc., this shrinkage is often non-uniform, which' may induce significant shape changes. As the ratio of compact dimension to powder size is very high, the mechanics of continuum is relevant to model such phenomena. Thus numerical techniques, such as the finite element method can be used to simulate the sintering process and predict the final shape of the sintered part. Such type of simulation has much been developed in the last decade firstly for hot isostatic pressing and next for die compaction. Finite element modelling has been recently applied to free sintering. The simulation of sintering should be based on constitutive equations describing the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the material under any state of stress and any temperature which may arise within the sintering body. These equations can be drawn either from experimental data or from micromechanical models. The experiments usually consist in free sintering and sinter-forging tests. Indeed applying more complex loading conditions at high temperature under controlled atmosphere is delicate. Micromechanical models describe the constitutive behaviour of aggregates of spheres from the deformation of two-sphere contact either by viscous flow or grain boundary diffusion. Such models are not able to describe complex microstructure and mechanisms as observed in real materials but they can give some basic information on the formulation of constitutive equations. Practically both experimental and theoretical approaches can be coupled to identify the constitutive equations. Such procedure has been performed for modelling the sintering of compacts obtained by die pressing of a mixture of tungsten carbide and cobalt powders. The constitutive behaviour of this material during sintering has been described by a linear viscous constitutive model, whose functions have been fitted from results of free sintering and sinter-forging experiments. This model has next been introduced in ABAQUS finite element code to simulate the sintering of heterogeneous green compacts of various geometries at constant temperature. Examples of simulations are shown and compared with experiments.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea
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• pp.726-731
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• 2002

Reaction synthesis is a process to form ceramics, intermetallics and their composites from elemental powder mixture. Application of this process to a surface modification techniques has a possibilities to enable the process at a lower temperature or for a shorter time, although synthesized materials are likely to include voids and unreacted elements. This paper intend to examine the effect of Si addition to the mixture of Al and Ni on the densification of synthesized Ni-Al intermetallic compounds and to evaluate the surface properties of obtained coatings. By the Si addition, exothermic reaction temperature to form Ni-Al intermetallic was lowered to be below the melting point of Al. Si soluted $Al_3$Ni$_2$, $Al_3$Ni and $Al_{6}$Ni$_3$Si were mainly formed in the coating layer when powder mixture was heated to 973K for 300s. Besides, densification was enhanced by increasing hot press pressure, Si additions and heating rate. When the composition of eutectic Al-Si reaches 78%, void ratio of sintered compact reduced to 0.4%. It is caused by higher flowability of Al-Si liquid phase generated and its infiltration into the void. Since the hardness of NiAl(Si) compound (about 600HV) formed in the coating layer is higher than that of Ni-Al compound (about 400HV), coating layer with high density and superior wear property is obtained by hot press using reaction synthesis from Al-Ni-Si powder mixture.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1414-1420
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• 1996

평균 입경 8${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ Si 분말을 사용하여 무가압 분말 충전 성형볍에 의해 Si 성형체를 제조하였다. 이 Si 성형체를 1350,140$0^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 3~35시간동안 N2/H2 분위기에서 반응 소결한 후 미세구조를 관찰하였다. 반응 소결체는 90% 이상의 질화율과 88%의 상대밀도를 보였다. 반응 소결체의 가스압 소결을 위해 소결조제로서 MgO를 Mgnitrate 수용액 형태로 Si 성형체에 5wt% 첨가한 후140$0^{\circ}C$에서 15시간동안 반응 소결하였다. 이후 반응 소결체를 1800, 1900, 200$0^{\circ}C$에서 각각 150, 300분 동안 가스압 소결을 행하여 95%의 상대밀도와 598 MPa의 꺾임강도, 6 MPa.m1/2의 파괴인성을 나타내는 질화규소 소결체를 제조하였다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.405-410
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• 2013

During sintering of Ni-electrode multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), the Ni electrode often becomes discontinuous because of its lower sintering temperature relative to that of $BaTiO_3$. In an attempt to retard the sintering of Ni, we introduced passivation of the Ni powder. To find the optimal passivation conditions, a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted in air. After passivation at $250^{\circ}C$ for 11 h in air, a nickel oxide shell with a thickness of 4-5 nm was formed on nickel nanoparticles of 180 nm size. As anticipated, densification of the compacts of the passivated Ni/NiO core-shell powder was retarded: the starting temperature of densification increased from ${\sim}400^{\circ}C$ to ${\sim}600^{\circ}C$ in a $97N_2-3H_2$ (vol %) atmosphere. Grain growth was also retarded during sintering at temperatures of 750 and $1000^{\circ}C$. When the sintering atmosphere was changed from wet $99.93N_2-0.07H_2$ to wet $99.98N_2-0.02H_2$, the average grain size decreased at the same sintering temperature. The conductivity of the passivated powder sample sintered at $1150^{\circ}C$ for 8 h in wet $99.93N_2-0.07H_2$ was measured to be $3.9{\times}10^4S/cm$, which is comparable with that, $4.6{\times}10^4S/cm$, of the Ni powder compact without passivation. These results demonstrate that passivation of Ni is a viable means of retarding sintering of a Ni electrode and hence improving its continuity in the fabrication of $BaTiO_3$-based multi-layer ceramic capacitors.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.386-396
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• 2001

Mixtures Of AUC-UO$_2$and Gd$_2$O$_3$ Powders doped With Cr$_2$O$_3$ or Cr$_2$O$_3$-SiO$_2$ were Pressed and sintered at 1730 t in hydrogen gas witk various water-vapor contents. The density of UO$_2$- 6wt% Gd$_2$O$_3$ pellets can be increased from 91% TD to 94.5% TD in 1 vol% $H_2O$-H$_2$ gases by the addition of 0.02wt% Cr$_2$O$_3$-(0.01~0.04) wt% SiO$_2$. The magnitude of density increase is much larger in (1~3 vol%) $H_2O$-H$_2$ gases than in 0.05 vol% $H_2O$-H$_2$ gas. The densification of U0$_2$- Gd$_2$O$_3$ compact is significantly delayed in the temperature range between 1300 and 1500 t , but that of compacts with Cr$_2$O$_3$-SiO$_2$ is not. The role of Cr$_2$O$_3$ and SiO$_2$ in densification is discussed.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.492-497
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• 2018

This paper reports the efficacy of tape casting using an Ag-10 wt% CuO filler for the successful joining of a sintered $Ce_{0.9}Gd_{0.1}O_{2-{\delta}}-La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_{3{\pm}{\delta}}$ (GDC-LSM) ceramic with a SUS 460 FC metal alloy by reactive air brazing. The as-prepared green tape was highly flexible without drying cracks, and the handling was easy when used as a filler material for reactive air brazing. Heat treatment for the GDC-LSM/SUS 460 FC joint was performed at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 30 min in air. Microstructural observations indicated a reliable and compact joining. The room temperature mechanical shear strength of the as-brazed joints was $60{\pm}8MPa$ with a cohesive failure. The flexural strength of joints was measured from room temperature up to $850^{\circ}C$, where the strength retention revealed to be almost 100% at $500^{\circ}C$. However, the joints showed a degradation in strengths at 800 and $850^{\circ}C$, exhibiting strength retentions of 57% and 37%, respectively.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.1120-1126
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• 2003

알루미나 분말을 분쇄하면서 Y 수화물을 동시에 침전시켜 YAG 분말을 합성하였다. 하소 분말 (l20$0^{\circ}C$, 4 h)에는 YAG 외에 소량의 YAM이 남아 있었다. 그러나 평균 입경 0.57 $\mu$m으로 분쇄한 분말 성형체에서는 산화물 혼합법에서 YAG 단일상이 얻어지는 온도 (l500∼1$600^{\circ}C$) 보다 훨씬 낮은 130$0^{\circ}C$ 에서 YAG 단일상이 이미 형성되었다. 분말의 소결성은 우수하여 소결조제 SiO$_2$(350 ppm Si) 의 첨가에 관계없이 치밀화가 잘 일어났다. SiO$_2$를 첨가하지 않은 경우, 1$600^{\circ}C$에서 98%의 손결밀도를 얻었다. SiO$_2$를 첨가한 경우에는 150$0^{\circ}C$에서 치밀화가 더 잘 일어나 97.7%의 소결밀도가 얻어졌으며, 1$600^{\circ}C$에서는 SiO$_2$의 소결촉진 효과가 나타나지 않아 밀도는 SiO$_2$를 첨가하지 않은 시편과 비슷하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.384-389
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• 2011

Gas pressure sintering (GPS) of reaction bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) was performed using $Lu_2O_3-SiO_2$ additive and the properties were compared with those of specimens prepared using high purity $Si_3N_4$ powder. The relative density of RBSN and compacted $Si_3N_4$ powder were 68.9 and 47.1%, and total linear shrinkage after sintering at $1900^{\circ}C$ were 14.8 and 42.9%, respectively. High nitrogen partial pressure (5MPa) was required during sintering at $1900^{\circ}C$ in order to prevent the decomposition of the nitride and to promote the formation of SiC. The relative density and 4-point bending strength of RBSN and $Si_3N_4$ powder compact were 97.7%, 954MPa and 98.2%, 792MPa, respectively, after sintering at $1900^{\circ}C$. The sintered RBSN also showed high fracture toughness of 9.2MPam$^{1/2}$.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.369-375
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• 2010

Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy, which is commonly used as a biomaterial, is associated with a high elastic modulus and poor biocompatibility. This alloy presents a variety of problems on several areas. Therefore, the development of good non-toxic biocompatible biomaterials with a low elastic modulus is necessary. Particularly, hydroxyapatite (HA) is an attractive material for human tissue implantation. This material is widely used as artificial bone due to its good biocompatibility and similar composition to human bone. Many scientists have studied the fabrication of HA as a biomaterial. However, applications of bulk HA compact are hindered by the low strength of HA when it is sintered. Therefore, HA has been coated on Ti or Ti alloy to facilitate good bonding between tissue and the HA surface. However, there are many problems when doing this, such as the low bonding strength between HA and Ti due to the different thermal expansion coefficients and mechanical properties. In this study, a Ti-HA composite with a porous surface was successfully fabricated by pulse current activated sintering (PCAS) and a subsequent leaching process.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 $CrSi_2$ 열전화합물을 제조하기 위하여 순금속 $Cr_{33}Si_{67}$ 혼합분말을 기계적 합금화 처리하였다. 초미세 $CrSi_2$계 열전화합물을 얻기 위하여 최적 볼밀조건 및 열처리 조건을 X선 회절분석과 시차주사 열량분석을 이용하여 조사하였다. 순금속 $Cr_{33}Si_{67}$ 혼합분말을 70시간까지 볼밀 처리 후 $650^{\circ}C$까지 열처리함으로써 평균 결정립 크기가 70 nm 인 초미세 $CrSi_2$ 열전화합물을 얻을 수 있었다. MA 분말시료의 벌크화를 위하여 소결온도 $600{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$, 압력 60 MPa에서 SPS 소결을 실시하였다. SPS 과정에서 MA 분말의 수축은 소결 개시 후 $600^{\circ}C$ 전후에서 크나 전반적으로 급격하게 발생하지 않으며 $1000^{\circ}C$까지 비교적 단조롭게 수축함을 알 수 있었다. 여기서 수축이 $600^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 큰 이유는 열분석 결과에서도 보여주듯이 $CrSi_2$ 화합물의 생성과 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다. SPS 성형체의 전기전도도 및 제벡계수는 $900^{\circ}C$까지 측정을 실시하였으며, 그 결과로부터 제벡계수는 $400^{\circ}C$에서 $125{\mu}V/K$ 및 파워팩터는 $350^{\circ}C$에서 $4.3{\times}10^{-4}W/mK^2$의 최대값을 각각 나타내었다.