• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.106-110
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• 2011

Western classical singing voices are different from those of pop song singer's singing voices as well as traditional Korean singing such as Pansori. We anlalysed the singing voices from three different categories with using free application programs available at the usual smart phones : sound level meter and Spectral View Analyzer and fiberoptic rhinolaryngoscopic evaluation. The intensity of voice produced by a classical western singer was 11 dB louder than that produced by a pop song singer. Source sound, glottic sound, as well as harmonic sound and singing resonant sound (Singer's formant) are much more prominent. When evaluated under video-rhinolaryngoscopy during singing, the resonance cavity especially oropharyngeal cavity and hypopharyngeal cavity are widely opened during singing of the western classical singer than those of the traditional Korean singer's singing. Difference of singing methods including producing the glottal sound, respiration and resonance are discussed. Possible explanation of development of 'Singer's Formant' is discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2002

In this paper, for any prime q, new cyclic difference sets with Singer parameter equation omitted are constructed by using the q-ary sequences (d-homogeneous functions) of period $q_n$-1. When q is a power of 3, new cyclic difference sets with Singer parameter equation omitted are constructed from the ternary sequences of period $q_n$-1 with ideal autocorrealtion found by Helleseth, Kumar and Martinsen.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.143
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• pp.87-118
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• 2017

In this paper, I will show several theoretical nonconformities which can be found in P. Singer's concept of human beings. As we know, P. Singer is a well-known animal liberalist. On the one hand, Singer regards man as a subordinate being to nature and on the other, as a transcendent being. This is the first inconsistency of Singer's concept of man. His second inconsistency is related to his position on the power of reason. He believes that it is the product of evolution, and at the same time that it is a power to resist the blindness of evolution. Thirdly, he also exposes the contradictory attitude in evaluation on man's moral ability. Considering these three contradictions, it becomes clear that Singer has failed to prove his claim that there is no qualitative difference between human beings and animals. Despite the popularity of his theory, I believe the theoretical foundation of Singer's animal liberation theory is rather weak. The reason for revealing the weakness of Singer's theory is not to return to the practice of mercilessly handling animals but to show that it is wrong to undermine human dignity under the guise of animal welfare.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.2 s.85
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• pp.211-229
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• 1998

To study the species diversity of the genus Boletellus in Korea, 56 specimens were collected from 1982 to 1996 at 20 locations including Odaesan. Collected specimens were observed and seven species among them were identified and described by observing macroscopic and microscopic characters, two of which were confirmed new to Korea: Boletellus chrysenteroides (Snell) Snell. Boletellus fallax Corner. Seven species were described here: Boletellus chrysenteroides (Snell) Snell, B. elatus Nagasawa, B. emodensis (Berk.) Singer, B. fallax Corner, B. obscurecoccineus $(V{\"{o}}hn)$ Singer, B. russellii (Frost) Gilbert, B. shichianus (Teng & Ling) Teng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2002

The pitch range of the human voice is variable, extending from chest register to falsetto. Although numerous studies have investigated after laryngeal mechanism description of registers, systematic and objective studies were lack. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare head register with chest register of singers acoustically. Fifteen healthy tenor major students were selected. Fifteen healthy untrained adults were the control group for this study. Long term average(LTA) power spectrum using the Fast Fourier transform(FFT) algorithm and Linear predictive coding (LPC) filter response were made during /a/ sustained in both head(G4, 392Hz) md chest registers (C3, 131Hz). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney test. In the LTA power spectrum, head register of singer has increased level(energy gain) in the frequency band of 2.2-3.4kHz(p<0.01), and 7.5-8.4kHz(p<0.01, p<0.05). Chest register of singer has increased level in the frequency band of 2.2-3.1kHz(p<0.01), 7.8-8.4kHz(p<0.05) and around 9.6kHz(p<0.01). LTA power spectrum reveals a peak of acoustic energy around 2500Hz known as the singer's formant and another peak of acoustic energy around 8000Hz in singer's voice.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 1996

A research project was conducted to assess the levels of noise exposed to "Noraebang" users and potential hazards to noise-induced hearing loss due to commercial Noraebang noise. A two-way, mixed-factors factorial design was employed for the experiment using independent variables of "noise source" (no- singer, 1-singer, and 2-singer conditions) and "music type" (Trot, Ballad, and Rock music) with 18 normal hearing subjects. Each singer group sang 5 popular songs of each music type in each signing condition, whereas background music was just played for the no-singer condition. For each music played/sung, equivalent continuous sound pressure levels and maximum sound pressure levels were measured for data analysis purposes. Pure-tone audiometry was applied for measuring subjects' hearing threshold levels before and after exposure to Noraebgang noise. The statistical analyses indicate that average continuous noise levels due to Noraebang leisure environment were very serious, especially when two people were singing (higher than 95 dBA). Furthermore, maximum noise levels often exceeded the OSHA's non-premissible 115 dBA level. Worse yet, hearing loss assessment implies that Noraebang facilities may pose a serious threat to noise-induced hearing loss, based on 6-8 dB loss at 125 Hz and 8 dB loss at 4000 Hz after about 1-hour Noraebang noise exposure.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.721-729
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• 2017

This study examined the dramatic devices that the production team made for the studio progress in the survival music entertainment program of open narrative structure in which the audience participated through MBC 'The King of Mask Singer'. The reason for the need for dramatic equipment is that the studio Audience who participated in the process of the program crossed the situations of flow, selection, and enjoyment. As a result of the research, the production team of 'The King of Mask Singer' was found to have a device of time margin, lighting and background image, and role of MC in order to change the progress of the studio and that the participating audience naturally change their roles.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

This study compared classical operatic singing and applied music singing using the vocal assessment software, Dr. Speech and SPEAD from Lx Speech Studio. Participants in this study included: eight female operatic singers (mean 22.6 yrs, average career 7.5 yrs); eight male operatic singers (mean 25.6 yrs, average career 7.3 yrs); eight female applied music singers (mean 25.1 yrs, average career 6.1 yrs); and eight male applied music singers (mean 27.6 yrs, average career 6.8 yrs). The results demonstrated significantly higher closed quotient values in female applied music singers during singing (p<.05). In addition, higher closed quotient values in speaking were presented in male classical singers and longer MPT was obtained in female operatic singers (p<.05). Furthermore, singer's formants were identified in all male operatic singers and in three female operatic singers. In contrast, only one applied music male and one female singer showed singer's formants while singing.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.39
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• pp.261-295
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• 2015

Cyber singer appeared in the late 1990s has disappeared briefly appeared. although a few attempts in the 2000s, it did not show significant successes. cyber singer was born thanks to the technical development of the IT industry and the emergence of an idol training system in the music industry. It was developed by Vocaloid 'Seeyou' starting from 'Adam'. cyber singer that differenatiated typical digital characters in a cartoon or game may be subject to idolize to the music as a medium. They also feature forming a plurality of fandom. therefore, such attempts and repeated failures, this could be considered a fashion, but it flew content creation and ongoing attempts to take advantage of the new media, such as Vocaloid can see that there are expectations for a true Cyber-born singer. Early-Cyber singer is made only resemble human appearance, but 'Sciart' and 'Seeyou' has been evolving to becoming more like the human capabilities. in this paper, stylized cyber singer had disappeared in the past in the process of developing the technology to evolve into own artificial life does not end in failure cases, gradually led to a change in public perceptions of the image look looking machine was an attempt in that sense. With the direction of the evolution of the mechanical function to obtain a human, fun and human exchanges and mutual feelings. And it is equipped with an artificial life form that evolved with it only in appearance and function. in order to support this logic, I refer to the study of the coevolution of man and machine at every Bruce Mazlish. And, I have analyzed the evolution of cyber singer Bruce research from the perspective of the development process since the late 1990s, the planning of the eight singers who have appeared and design of the cyber character and important voices to be evaluated as a singer (vocal). The machine has been evolving coevolution with humans. cyber singer ambivalent development targets are recognized, but strive to become the new artificial creatures of horror idea of human desire and death continues. therefore, the new Cyber-organisms are likely to be the same style as 'Seeyou'. because, cartoon forms and whirring voice may not be in the form of a signifier is the real human desires, but this is because the contemporary public's desire to be desired and the technical development of this type can be created at the point where the cross-signifier.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2004

Background and Objectives : It has been shown that the epilaryngeal tube in the human airway is responsible for vocal ring, or the singer's formant. In previous study, authors showed that in trained tenors, besides the conventional singer's formant in the region of ,5500Hz, another energy peak was observed in the region of 8,000Hz. This peak was interpreted as the second resonance of the epilarynx tube. Singers in other voice categories who produce vocal ring are assumed to have the same peak, but no measurements have as yet been made. Materials and Methods : Fifteen tenors, fourteen baritones, seven sopranos and five mezzo sopranos attending the music college, department of vocal music who could reliably produce the head and chest registers were chosen for this study. Each subject was asked to produce an/ah/sound for at least three seconds for the head register sound(tenors ; G4, barions ; E4 sopranos ; F5 and mezzosopranos ; C5) and for the chest register sound (tenors ; C3, baritones ; D3, sopranos ; D4 and Mezzosoprano ; A3). The sound data was analyzed using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based power spectrum, Long term average(LTA) power spectrum using the FFT algorithm of the Computerized Speech Lab (CSL, Kay elemetrics, Model 4300B, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test of the Statistical Package for Social sciences(SPSS). Results : For head register sounds, a significant increase was seen in the 2,200-3,400Hz region(p<0.05) and the Similar to the head register sounds, there was a significant increase in energy in the four trained singer group compared with the untrained group in the 2,200-3,100Hz region(p<0.05), the 7,800-8,400Hz region(p<0.05) for the chest register sounds. Conclusions : When good vocal production was made for the head and chest registers, an energy peak was observed near 2,500Hz, a frequency already known as the "singer's formant', in all subjects in the study group. Another region of increased energy was observed around 8,000Hz that had not been noticed previously. The authors believe this region to be the second singer's formant.