• Atmosphere
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.357-365
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• 2012

High spatio-temporal resolution hydrologic components can give important information to monitor natural disaster. The objective of this study is to create high spatial-temporal resolution gridded hydrologic components using TOPLATS distributed land surface model and evaluate their accuracy. For this, Andong dam basin is selected as study area and TOPLATS model is constructed to create hourly simulated values in every $1{\times}1km^2$ cell size. The observed inflow at Andong dam and soil moisture at Andong AWS site are collected to directly evaluate the simulated one. RMSEs of monthly simulated flow for calibration (2003~2006) and verification (2007~2009) periods show 36.87 mm and 32.41 mm, respectively. The hourly simulated soil moisture in the cell located Andong observation site for 2009 is well fitted with observed one at -50 cm. From this results, the cell based hydrologic components using TOPLATS distributed land surface model show to reasonably represent the real hydrologic condition in the field. Therefore the model driven hydrologic information can be used to analyze local water balance and monitor natural disaster caused by the severe weather.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.60-66
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to design and materialize the simulated courseware which is based on new educational environments and student-based education. The scope of this study is reflection and refraction of in the physics of high school. This paper introduce the theoretical background of courseware and investigate the structure and process of the teaching-theory by visualized computer simulation. We applied the basic concept about the reflection and refraction of light and explained the simulated images of spherical mirror and lens with the principles expressions and relative image forms. The last we simulated the various kinds of the images, shapes and distance of the images by changing the distance of object and focus which are made by computer simulation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.267-276
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• 2012

Spaceflights results in the reduction of immune status of human beings and increase in the virulence of microorganisms, especially gram negative bacteria. The growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae is enhanced by catecholamines and during spaceflight, elevation in the levels of cortisols occurs. So it is necessary to know the changes in physiology, virulence, antibiotic resistance and gene expression of K. pneumoniae under microgravity conditions. The present study was undertaken to study effect of simulated microgravity on growth, morphology, antibiotic resistance and cross stress resistance of K. pneumoniae to various stresses. The susceptibility of simulated microgravity grown K. pneumoniae to ampicillin, penicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, hygromycin and rifampicin were evaluated. The growth of bacteria was found to be fast compared with normal gravity grown bacteria and no significant changes in the antibiotic resistance were found. The bacteria cultured under microgravity conferred cross stress resistance to acid, temperature and osmotic stress higher than the normal gravity cultured bacteria but the vice versa was found in case of oxidative stress.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.176-183
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• 2023

Many countries are striving to reduce carbon emissions with the goal of net zero by 2050. Accordingly, vehicles are rapidly being electrified to reduce greenhouse gases in the transportation sector. However, many organizations predict that internal combustion engines of LDV (light-duty vehicle) will exist even in 2050, and it is difficult to electrify aircraft and large ships in a short time. Therefore, synthetic fuel (i.e., e-Fuel) that can reduce carbon emissions and replace existing fossil fuels is in the spotlight. The e-Fuel refers to a fuel synthesized by using carbon obtained through various carbon capture technologies and green hydrogen produced by eco-friendly renewable energy. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the injection and spray characteristics of the simulated e-Gasoline. We mixed the hydrocarbon fuel components according to the composition ratio of the synthetic fuel produced based on the FT(Fischer-Tropsch) process. As a result of injection rate measurement, simulated e-Gasoline showed no significant difference in injection delay and injection period compared to standard gasoline. However, due to the low vapor pressure of the simulated e-Gasoline, the spray tip penetration (STP) was lower, and the size of spray droplets was larger than that of traditional gasoline.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.560-576
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• 2023

The purpose of this investigation is to: (1) to derive an improvement factor for inquiry-based simulated teaching-learning in pre-service teacher training programs, and pre-service teachers practice simulated teaching that reflect the improvement factor, (2) to analyze the difference in science intrinsic motivation according to science self-efficacy and inquiry-based simulated teaching-learning experience. To achieve these goals, we recruited five elementary and secondary teachers as experts to help us develop an improvement factor based on expert interviews. Subsequently, third-year pre-service teachers of a university of education participated in our analysis of differences in science intrinsic motivation, according to their level of science self-efficacy and experience with inquiry-based simulated teaching-learning. Our methodology involved applying the analytic hierarchy process to expert interviews to derive improvement factor for inquiry-based simulated teaching-learning, followed by a two-way ANOVA to identify significant differences in science intrinsic motivation between groups with varying levels of science self-efficacy. We also conducted post-analysis through MANOVA statements. The results of our study indicate that inquiry-based simulated teaching-learning can be improved through activities that foster digital literacy, ecological literacy, democratic citizenship, and scientific inquiry skills. Moreover, small group activities and student-centered teaching-learning approaches were found to be effective in developing core competencies and promoting science achievements. Specifically, pre-service teachers prepared a teaching-learning course plan and inquiry-based simulated teaching-learning in seventh-grade in the Earth and Space subject area. Pre-service teachers' science intrinsic motivation analyze significant differences in all levels of science self-efficacy before and after simulated teaching-learning and significant difference in the interaction effect between simulated teaching-learning and scientific self-efficacy. Particularly, group with low scientific self-efficacy, the difference in science intrinsic motivation according to simulated teaching-learning was most significant. Teachers' scientific self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation are needed to improve science achievement and affective domains of students in class. Therefore, this study contributes to suggest inquiry-based simulated teaching-learning reflecting school practices from the pre-service teacher curriculum.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.313-324
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• 2020

This study investigated the environmental location effects that Larix kaempferi and mixed forests had on the early growth of wild-simulated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) seedlings. Experimental plots were created in Larix kaempferi and mixed forests, and confirmed the location environments and growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng seedling. Our results showed that the soil properties, such as soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchangeable capacity were significantly higher in the mixed forest soil compared to the Larix kaempferi forest soil. Likewise, the growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng seedlings were significantly higher in mixed forestsd compare to the Larix kaempferi forest. Correlation analysis between tree species ratio, soil properties, and growth characteristics in the experimental plots determined that the soil properties and growth characteristics had significant positive correlation with the broad-leaved forest percentage. Growth characteristics of the wild-simulated ginseng seedlings were shown to have a significant positive correlation with organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacities. This study has clearly demonstrated that the tree species ratio, and soil properties in Larix kaempferi and mixed forests were significantly correlated with the early growth of wild simulated ginseng seedlings. These results could help to improve the selection of suitable cultivation sites for wild-simulated ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.463-470
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• 2019

Wild-simulated ginseng is requires standard establishment on location environment for long-term and eco-friendly cultivation. The this study was carried out to investigate the correlation between growth characteristics and location environment of wild-simulated ginseng for selection of suitable cultivation area. Samples were collected from a 9 site of wild-simulated cultivation area and examined growth characteristics and location environment. Correlation coefficient between growth characteristics and location environment was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation. The growth of wild-simulated ginseng was shown significantly higher in Geochang and Hamyang cultivation area. The results of correlation analysis was shown significantly correlation with percentage of conifer, total diameter at breast height, soil pH, K, Ca and Mg. The results of this study was clearly investigated the correlation between growth characteristics and location environment of wild-simulated ginseng, which is considered to will provide understanding for selection suitable cultivation area of wild-simulated ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.259-266
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• 1995

In order to manufacture an attractive waste glass for the permanent and secure disposal of high-level radioactive waste, the complex composition of the simulated nuclear waste glass PNL-7668 was simplified to a composition of sodium borosilicate glass. The substitutions of $Fe_2O_3$ and $Al_2O_3$ were added to examine on the leaching characteristics of simulated nuclear waste glass with variable composition. The leach tests for these glasses were performed according to 'MCC-1, Static Leach Test Procedure' in acid and basic solution. In this study, for the $Al_2O_3$-containing glasses, Na ion release from these glasses was higher in acid solution than in basic solution. As the content of $Fe_2O_3$ was increased in glasses, Na ion release was increased in acid solution, in spite of decrease of amount of total mass diminution.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06c
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• pp.316-321
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• 2001

The optical storage device has recently experienced significant improvement, especially for the aspects of high capacity and fast transfer rate. However, it is necessary to study a new shape of air bearing surface for the rotary type actuator because the optical storage device has the lower access time than that of HDD (Hard Disk Drives). In this study, we proposed the air bearing shape by using SA (Simulated Annealing) algorithm which is very effective to achieve the global optimum instead of many local optimums. The objective of optimization is to minimize the deviation in flying height from a target value 100nm. In addition, the pitch and roll angle should be maintained within the operation limits.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.471-480
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• 2011

This study investigates the characteristics of surface wind in North Korea using mesoscale model WRF. Hourly wind fields were simulated for one year representing mean characteristics of an 11-years period from 1998 to 2008. The simulations were performed on a nested grid from 27 km to 1 km horizontal resolution. The simulated wind map at 10 m above ground level is verified with 27 surface observations. Statistical verification skill score indicates that wind speed tends to overestimate in surface layer. The average RMSE value of the simulated wind speed is around $2.8ms^{-1}$. Wind map in North Korea showed that strong wind speed is distributed in the mountainous and western coastal region. The results of this wind mapping study contribute for the founding of wind energy potential location.