• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2010

To investigate the half-degumming of raw silk, the degumming was carried out with soap or sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate and some mixed agents at $80^{\circ}C$ for 15 and 30 minutes. With soap of 20~25%o.w.f. degumming losses were about 7~12%. Degumming losses with sodium carbonate of 2~5%o.w.f. were about 6~15%. And about 6~12% wright losses were observed in the degumming with sodium bicarbonate of 20~30%o.w.f. In the degumming with the mixed degumming agents of soap and sodium carbonate, degumming losses were 9~15% with 5%o.w.f. soap and 2~5%o.w.f. sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate was more effective on the removal of sericin from raw silk than soap. During drying generally half degummed silk yarns stuck together to result in harsh and hard lumps by the adhesion and solidification of the residue sericin of partially degummed silk. Sodium hydrosulfite in degumming agent effectively protected the adhesion of half degummed silk yarns.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.46-55
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• 2006

In this thesis, we took some stalks, flowers, and leaves of the Serratuls coronate var. insularis which are able to propagate as mass n our wild to extract the dyeing solution, and cotton and silk were dyed using them in many different conditions. Silk was dyed darker than cotton. We found there was not a big difference between silk and cotton in the given condition considering 'Y' values vs. dyeing temperature. There was a rapid decreasing of 'Y' values after one to two hours and almost all of dyeing was completed at these times. We found there was a dyeing acceleration at the higher dyeing density and the lower 'Y' value. If the density was low, dyeing attachment was reduced by dyeing ability via the density of liquid in both plants. Silk was affected higher by mordant dyes in both plants. Fe and Cu had an effect by mordant dyes slightly an Serratuls coronate var. insularis.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.119-129
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• 2020

Unlike synthetic dyes, natural dyes do not affect the human body or create atmosphere pollution that are also mothproof, antibiotic and sterilized. This study examined the changes in dye adsorption properties according to mordant types and mordanting method to qualify trends using sage and rosemary extracts. Dyeability of sage extract is often similar to rosemary extract regardless of dyeing conditions. Dyeing properties of herb colorants on cotton, silk and wool fiber and effect of dyeing conditions on dye uptake were also compared. Dyed fabric showed a yellowish color and the dyeing affinity was somewhat good with rosemary extract. The surface color of the dyed fabrics was darkened by mordant treatment. The K/S value of herb colorants of protein fiber was higher than cellulose fiber. The concentration of mordant having the highest dyeing affinity was different from the mordant type. Regardless of the type of fiber, the K/S value of premordanting was the highest in mordanting method, and the K/S value of simultaneous mordanting indicated no noticeable mordant effect. The fastness of washing of silk fabric was reduced the most by mordant treatment. The lightfastness was reduced in Al mordant treatment regardless of the type of fiber. The lightfastness of wool increased somewhat by mordant treatment.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

This study investigates the crystallinity distribution of ancient silk. Owing to the inherent multi-hierarchical structure of silk protein and the complicated structural changes that occur due to various burial environments, it is challenging but worthwhile to study ancient silk ageing behavior, which is based on the fact that ageing begins with a single fiber and then spreads to a whole fabric. Crystallinity was one of the most effective indicators found to reveal the ageing status of silk. Therefore, a synchrotron radiation-based X-ray diffraction(SR-XRD) method was employed to study the crystallinity distribution of single fibers of ancient silk unearthed from seven archaeological sites in China from historical periods including the warring states, Han dynasty, Song dynasty, and Ming dynasty. In comparison, the conventional X-ray diffraction method, which uses large amounts of samples, was also performed to determine the integral crystallinity of ancient silk. Thermal stability experiments by thermogravimetry(TG) as well as morphology observations by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and optical microscopy(OM) all confirmed the deterioration of ancient silk. Moreover, the ageing mechanism of ancient silk was proposed with the assistance of an artificial ageing study. The results confirmed the effectiveness of SR-XRD as an ageing indicator, revealing the crystallinity distribution. This research could provide motivation to determine the deterioration status of ancient silk, and would also aid in explaining the fragility of ancient silk due to ageing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Fiber Society Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.177-178
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• 2007

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.183-186
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• 2011

The various molecular weight (MW) regenerated silk fibroins were prepared with different dissolution condition and the effect of MW on the gelation behavior of regenerated aqueous silk fibroin (SF) solution was investigated. The result of gelation time measurement indicated that the gelation of SF aqueous solution was accelerated by the increase of MW and SF concentration. When formic acid was added in SF aqueous solution, the gelation time of SFL and SFC30 aqueous solution showed a significant decreaseat 0.03% formic acid addition. In case of the lowest MW sample, SFC180, SF molecules became aggregated and precipitated without gelation after 28 days storage time. These findings indicate that MW control of SF can be utilized to control the gelation time of SF aqueous solution.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.180-185
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• 2006

A pineapple protease, bromelain, was used to improve the dyeing properties of protein fibers such as wool and silk. The optimal condition for the activity of the pineapple protease was about $60^{\circ}C$ at pH 7. The wool and silk were treated with the protease extracted from a pineapple and the K/S values of the dyed wool and silk were measured using a spectrophotometer in order to compare the dye uptake. The protease treatment enhanced the dyeing properties of protein fibers without severe changes in mechanical properties. The surface appearances of protease-treated fibers were observed by microscopy.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.539-549
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• 1998

The silk glands of the spiders are of several types. Among the several types of spider's silk glands, the principal fibers used in constructing the eggcase are products of the tubuliform glands (TBG), which are present only in females. Development of these glands parallels maturations of the ovaries and fat bodies. In order to understand the mechanism of eggcase-silk production, this paper has examined the fine structural changes of the TBG during the period of egg maturation in the garden spider, Argiope aurentia. Between the two kinds of secretory granules observed in the glandular epithelium of the mature TBG, the electron-dense granules which have paracrystalline structure are revealed to be the precursors of the eggcase silk fibers. During the production of eggcase, rapid release of the secretory product occurs at apical surface by the mechanism of apocrine secretion. Moreover, secondary lysosomes appear due to the rapid disorganization of cellular components during the eggcase formation. Examinations of formed fibers indicate a multicomponent internal structure, and electron micrographs reveal each fiber contains numerous electron lucent fibrils embedded in an amorphous electron dense matrix. The secretory precursors are produced as separated vesicles via well-oriented rER, and no Golgi complex has been found in the glandular epithelial cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 2005

In order to activate the characteristics of charcoals in fiber systems, this study was carried out to experiment with the particle size from two micrometers to ten micrometers of charcoal powders on silk fabrics. The results obtained were as follows; The silk fabrics were dyed with gray color by charcoals effectively. The K/S value, that is indicative of the dye affinity, became higher as the increase of dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dyeing concentration. Te dyeing effects were the highest with 50%(o.w.f.) of charcoals at $100^{\circ}C$ for 120 minutes in this experiments, It was observed the surfaces of silk fibers were mainly adcorbed with charcoal powders of the particle size from two micrometers to four micrometers by scanning electron microscope. Dyed silk fabrics showed comparatively low fastness to the fade of launding, the stain of the treatment of perspirations, and the strain of water fastness test, but good fastness to the stran of laundering, te drycleaning, the fade of treatment of perspirations, and the fade of water fastness test. In connection with the functional properties of dyed fabrics, the deodorizations were drastically improved, and the far-infrared emissions improved highly, and also the antibacterials were comparatively good.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2011

The effect of diet supplementation of Antheraea pernyi (A. pernyi) silk fibroin on the lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense status in high fat-fed mice was investigated. The animals were given normal control diet (NC group), high fat diet (HF group), or high fat diet supplemented with A. pernyi silk fibroin powder (HFS group) for 7 weeks. After the experimental period, the HF group showed significant increase in body weight, plasma and hepatic total cholesterol levels, and hepatic triglyceride concentration, and decreased activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes relative to NC group. However, the HFS group exhibited marked reduction in body weight, plasma cholesterol and hepatic triglyceride levels, hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation rate, and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level, fecal triglyceride content, and antioxidant enzymes activities compared with that of HF group. These findings demonstrate that dietary feeding of A. pernyi silk fibroin could improve the lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system via regulation of hepatic antioxidant and lipogenic enzymes activities. Hence, this silk fibroin may be beneficial as a functional biomaterial for the development of therapeutic agent against high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and its related diseases.