• 공업화학
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.520-525
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 기존 에폭시수지에 에폭시 콩기름(Epoxidized soybean oil : ESBO)과 실란처리 되어진 실리카가 첨가된 에폭시 접착제의 접착특성에 대하여 고찰하였다. 실리카의 표면처리는 실란커플링제인 ${\gamma}$-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane (MPS), ${\gamma}$-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane (GPS), 그리고 ${\gamma}$-mercapto propyl trimethoxy silane (MCPS)을 사용하였다. 실리카 첨가 에폭시 접착제의 표면특성과 구조특성은 scanning electron microscope (SEM)과 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)을 이용하여 관찰하였으며 T-peel 시험법에 의한 접착특성은 universal testing machine (UTM)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 실란처리에 따른 실리카의 평형 확산압력, 표면자유에너지, 비표면적은 BET법을 이용한 $N_2$/77 K 기체 흡착을 통하여 관찰하였다. 결과로서, 에폭시 접착제의 접착박리강도는 미처리에 비해 접착제 내 실란처리된 실리카가 함유됨에 따라 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 실란커플링제가 에폭시 접착제의 분산을 증가시키는 중요한 역할이라고 판단된다. 그리고 MCPS로 실란처리한 에폭시 접착제의 경우 GPS와 MPS에 비해 가장 우수한 접착력을 나타냄을 확인하였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2013

Objective: We aimed to investigate the effects of silanation time on the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets on gold alloy in a silicoating procedure and compare the SBS of metal brackets on gold alloy and enamel. Methods: Type III gold alloy plates were sandblasted with 30-${\mu}m$ silicon dioxide. Excess particles were removed with gentle air after silica coating, and silane was applied. Maxillary central-incisor metal brackets were bonded to each conditioned alloy surface with a light curing resin adhesive for 1 s, 30 s, 60 s, or 120 s after applying silane. The brackets were also bonded to 36 upper central incisors with the same adhesive. All samples were cured for 40 s with a light emitting diode curing light. The SBS was tested after 1 h and after 24 h. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) of the samples was also compared. Results: The 60-s and 120-s silanation time groups showed a higher SBS than the other groups (p < 0.05). Samples tested after 24 h showed a significantly higher SBS than did the samples tested after 1 h (p < 0.05). The 1-s group showed higher ARI scores. The one-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls test showed that the SBS values of the 60-s and 120-s silanation time groups were not significantly different from the SBS values of enamel. Conclusions: Adequate silanation time is required to produce sufficient bond strength during silicoating.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.140-149
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• 2020

PURPOSE. This study evaluated the color stabilities of two computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) blocks and a nanofill composite resin and the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) between the materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twelve specimens of 4 mm height were prepared for both Lava Ultimate (L) and Vita Enamic (E) CAD/CAM blocks. Half of the specimens were thermocycled (10,000 cycle, 5° to 55℃) for each material. Both thermocycled and non-thermocycled specimens were surface treated with one of the three different methods (Er,Cr:YSGG laser, bur, or control). For each surface treatment group, one of the thermocycled and one of non-thermocycled specimens were restored using silane (Ceramic Primer II), universal adhesive (Single Bond Universal), and nanofill composite resin of 4-mm height (Filtek Ultimate). The other specimens were restored with the same procedure without using silane. For each group, 1 × 1 × 8 mm bar specimens were prepared using a microcutting device. Bar specimens were thermocycled (10,000 cycle, 5° to 55℃) and microtensile tests were performed. Staining of the materials in coffee solution was also compared using a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, t-test and post-hoc Scheffe tests. RESULTS. µTBS were found similar between the thermocycled and non-thermocycled groups (P>.05). The highest µTBS (20.818 MPa) was found in the non-thermocycled, bur-ground, silane-applied E group. Silane increased µTBS at some E groups (P<.05). Composite resin specimens showed more staining than CAD/CAM blocks (P<.05). CONCLUSION. CAD/CAM blocks can be repaired with composite resins after proper surface treatments. Using silane is recommended in repair process. Color differences may be shown between CAD/CAM blocks and the nanofill composite after a certain time period.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.43-65
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• 1992

Bonding orthodontic adhesive resins to glazed porcelain surface is not attainable. The aim of this investigation was to examine, in vitro, the effect of three methods of porcelain surface pretreatment on the shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives, and to compare the shear strength of orthodontic bracket bonding to porcelain surface by the best results that to human enamel. Porcelain disks ($Ceramco^{(TM)}$ and $Vita^{(TM)}$) baked in the laboratory were roughened by sandpapers, #320, #600, #800, #1000 and #1200, and were pretreated with silane and dried at the various temperatures, room temperature, $50^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$, and were etched by 3% hydrofluoric acid solution for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 minutes, orthodontic adhesives (System $1+^{(TM)}$ and $Unite^{(TM)}$) were applied on them, and shear bond strengths were measured by Instron. The best results of pretreatment of each method were determined by the shear bond strengths. Again, porcelain disks were pretreated by the determined best results and human enamel were etched by 37% hydrofluoric acid solution, orthodontic brackets were bonded on them by the orthodontic adhesives, and the shear bond strengths were measured and compared between them. 1. Roughening porcelain surfaces with coarse sandpaper (#300) showed higher shear bond strength than that with finer sandpapers, but it $(22.44Kgf/cm^2)$ was distinguishably low compared to that from etched human enamel $(144.11Kgf/cm^2)$. 2. There were disparities in shear bond strengths upon the orthodontic resins, which was presumably related to the contents of fillers in orthodontic adhesive resins. Also there were disparities in shear bond strength upon the porcelains which had different composition. 3. Silane enhanced the shear bond strength of orthodontic resins to porcelain surfaces ($25.20Kgf/cm^2$ at $50^{\circ}C$), which was markedly low compared to that from etched human enamel. 4. Etched porcelain surface with 3% hydrofluoric acid solution for 1 to 9 minutes showed no difference in shear bonding strength of orthodontic adhesive resins. Shear bond strength from etched porcelain $(97.43-120.72Kgf/cm^2)$ were as high as clinically available, but low compared to that from etched human enamel. 5. Roughening with #300 sandpaper and etching by 3% hydrofluoric acid followed silane application on porcelain surface showed lower shear bond strength than etched human enamel, but were as high as clinically useful. 6. The results suggest that etching porcelain surface by 3% hydrofluoric acid solution might provide comparatively high shear bond strength as much as clinically favorable.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.275-284
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• 2016

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different surface treatment methods on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to resin nanoceramic (RNC). MATERIALS AND METHODS. RNC onlays (Lava Ultimate) (n=30) were treated using air abrasion with and without a universal adhesive, or HF etching followed by a universal adhesive with and without a silane coupling agent, or tribological silica coating with and without a universal adhesive, and divided into 6 groups. Onlays were luted with resin cement to dentin surfaces. A microtensile bond strength test was performed and evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (${\alpha}$=.05). A nanoscratch test, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used for micromorphologic analysis (${\alpha}$=.05). The roughness and elemental proportion were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS. Tribological silica coating showed the highest roughness, followed by air abrasion and HF etching. After HF etching, the RNC surface presented a decrease in oxygen, silicon, and zirconium ratio with increasing carbon ratio. Air abrasion with universal adhesive showed the highest bond strength followed by tribological silica coating with universal adhesive. HF etching with universal adhesive showed the lowest bond strength. CONCLUSION. An improved understanding of the effect of surface treatment of RNC could enhance the durability of resin bonding when used for indirect restorations. When using RNC for restoration, effective and systemic surface roughening methods and an appropriate adhesive are required.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.180-190
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• 2021

Purpose. This study aimed to assess the influence of various micromechanical surface conditioning (MSC) strategies with or without coupling agent (silane) application on the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of resin- matrix ceramics (RMCs). Materials and Methods. GC Cerasmart (GC), Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), Voco Grandio (VG), and Brilliant Crios (BC) were cut into 1.0-mm-thick slices (n = 32 per RMC) and separated into four groups according to the MSC strategy applied: control-no conditioning (C), air-borne particle abrasion with aluminum oxide particles (APA), 2W- and 3W-Er,Cr:YSGG group coding is missing. The specimens in each group were further separated into silane-applied and silane-free subgroups. Each specimen received two resin cement microtubules (n = 8 per subgroup). A shear force was applied to the adhesive interface through a universal test machine and µSBS values were measured. Data were statistically analyzed by using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Failure patterns were scrutinized under stereomicroscope. Results. RMC material type, MSC strategy, and silanization influenced the µSBS values (P<.05). In comparison to the control group, µSBS values increased after all other MSC strategies (P<.05) while the differences among these strategies were insignificant (P>.05). For control and APA, there were insignificant differences between RMCs (P>.05). The silanization decreased µSBS values of RMCs except for VE. Considerable declines were observed in GC and BC (P<.05). Conclusion. MSC strategies can enhance bond strength values at the RMC - cement interface. However, the choice of MSC strategy is dependent on RMC material type and each RMC can require a dedicated way of conditioning.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.265-278
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• 2011

The introduction of zirconia-based materials to the dental field broadened the design and application limits of, all-ceramic restorations. Most ceramic restorations are adhesively luted to the prepared tooth, however, resin bonding to zirconia components is less reliable than those to other dental ceramic systems. It is important for high retention, prevention of microleakage, and increased fracture resistance, that bonding techniques be improved for zirconia systems. Strong resin bonding relies on micromechanical interlocking and adhesive chemical bonding to the ceramic surface, requiring surface roughening for mechanical bonding and surface activation for chemical adhesion. In many cases, high strength ceramic restorations do not require adhesive bonding to tooth structure and can be placed using conventional cements which rely only on micromechanical retention. However, resin bonding is desirable in some clinical situations. In addition, it is likely that strong chemical adhesion would lead to enhanced long-term fracture and fatigue resistance in the oral environment.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.164-170
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to zirconia surfaces using three different zirconia primers and one silane primer, and subjected to thermocycling. Methods: We designed 10 experimental groups following the surface treatment and thermocycling. The surface was treated with one of the following method: no-primer (NP), Porcelain Conditioner (PC), Z-PRIME Plus (ZP), Monobond Plus (MP) and Zirconia Liner Premium (ZL) (n=20). Then each group was subdivided to non-thermocycled and thermocycled groups (NPT, PC, ZPT, MPT, ZLT) (n=10). Orthodontic brackets were bonded to the specimens using $Transbond^{TM}$ XT Paste and light cured for 15 s at $1,100mW/cm^2$. The SBS was measured at a 1 mm/min crosshead speed. The failure mode was assessed by examination with a stereomicroscope and the amount of bonding resin remaining on the zirconia surface was scored using the modified adhesive remnant index (ARI). Results: The SBS of all experimental groups decreased after thermocycling. Before thermocycling, the SBS was ZL, $ZP{\geq}MP{\geq}PC>NP$ but after thermocycling, the SBS was $ZLT{\geq}MPT{\geq}ZPT>PCT=NPT$ (p > 0.05). For the ARI score, both of the groups lacking primer (NP and NPT) displayed adhesive failure modes, but the groups with zirconia primers (ZP, ZPT, MP, MPT, ZL, and ZLT) were associated with mixed failure modes. Conclusions: Surface treatment with a zirconia primer increases the SBS relative to no-primer or silane primer application between orthodontic brackets and zirconia prostheses.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.106-113
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• 2016

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of different surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets to glazed full-zirconia surfaces. Materials and Methods: Glazed zirconia (except for the control, Zirkonzahn Prettau) disc surfaces were pre-treated: PO (control), polishing; BR, bur roughening; PP, cleaning with a prophy cup and pumice; HF, hydrofluoric acid etching; AA, air abrasion with aluminum oxide; CJ, CoJet-Sand. The surfaces were examined using profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, and electron dispersive spectroscopy. A zirconia primer (Z-Prime Plus, Z) or a silane primer (Monobond-S, S) was then applied to the surfaces, yielding 7 groups (PO-Z, BR-Z, PP-S, HF-S, AA-S, AA-Z, and CJ-S). Metal bracket-bonded specimens were stored in water for 24 hr at $37^{\circ}C$, and thermocycled for 1,000 cycles. Their bond strengths were measured using the wire loop method (n = 10). Results: Except for BR, the surface pre-treatments failed to expose the zirconia substructure. A significant difference in bond strengths was found between AA-Z ($4.60{\pm}1.08MPa$) and all other groups ($13.38{\pm}2.57-15.78{\pm}2.39MPa$, p < 0.05). For AA-Z, most of the adhesive remained on the bracket. Conclusions: For bracket bonding to glazed zirconia, a simple application of silane to the cleaned surface is recommended. A zirconia primer should be used only when the zirconia substructure is definitely exposed.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.295-300
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• 2015

목적: 레진과 니켈-크롬 합금의 결합력에 미치는 금속 프라이머 및 다용도 접착제의 영향에 대하여 비교 평가하고자 한다. 재료 및 방법: 실험을 위해 120개의 니켈-크롬 합금(Vera Bond 2V) 디스크를 제작하여 아크릴 레진 실린더에 포매하였다. 시편의 표면은 220 grit, 600 grit의 실리콘 카바이드지로 연마한 뒤 $50{\mu}m$의 알루미늄옥사이드 입자를 분사하여 처리하였다. 실험군은 메탈 프라이머의 적용(Metal primer II, Alloy primer, Metal & Zirconia primer, MKZ primer)과 다용도 접착 시스템(Single Bond Universal, All Bond Universal)에 따라 6개 군으로 나뉘었다. 각 시편의 중앙에 높이 2 mm, 직경 3 mm로 복합레진을 충전하였으며, 제작된 모든 시편은 $37^{\circ}C$ 증류수에서 24시간 보관하였다. 만능시험기에 시편을 위치시킨 후 1 mm/min cross head speed로 전단결합강도를 측정하였다. 통계분석은0.05의 유의수준으로 일원분산분석을 시행하였고 Tukey's multiple coMParison test로 사후검정을 하였다. 결과: Single Bond Universal, All Bond Universal, Metal Primer II 3개 군과 Alloy Primer, MKZ Primer, Metal & Zirconia Primer 3개 군 사이에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(P<.001). 결론: 니켈-크롬 합금에 대한 다용도 접착 시스템의 전단결합강도는 Metal Primer II를 제외한 기존의 금속 프라이머를 적용했을 때 보다 높게 나타났다. 본 실험에서 더 나아가 다용도 접착 시스템 내 실란(Silane) 포함 여부에 따른 효과를 평가할 수 있는 연구가 필요할 것이다.