• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.2160-2168
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• 2015

네트워크 트래픽이 복잡, 다양해짐에 따라 발생하는 네트워크 보안문제 해결을 위해 다양한 암호화 프로토콜 중 하나인 SSL/TLS가 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 현재의 트래픽 분석 시스템은 암호화 트래픽을 프로토콜 레벨에 한정적으로 분석하고 있는 실정이다. 효과적인 네트워크 자원 관리를 위해서는 암호화 트래픽에 대한 서비스 단위 분석이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 SSL/TLS 암호화 응용 트래픽의 페이로드 시그니쳐를 자동으로 추출하고, 이를 바탕으로 네트워크 트래픽 상에서 SSL/TLS 응용 서비스를 식별하는 방법을 제안한다. 이는 암호화 세션이 맺어질 때 초기에 발생하는 SSL/TLS Handshake 중 인증서 교환 레코드의 인증서 발행 대상정보를 시그니쳐로 이용하여 서비스를 식별을 하는 것이다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 95%에 가까운 SSL/TLS 트래픽을 분석 하였으며, 이 때 추출한 시그니쳐를 별도의 트래픽 트레이스에 적용시켜 각 서비스 별로 최대 95%의 정확도를 내어 그 성능과 가능성을 증명하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제36권5B호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2011

현대인의 삶에서 인터넷은 다양한 정보를 제공하는 필수 요소가 되었다. 이에 따라 네트워크 트래픽은 폭발적으로 증가하였고, 효율적 네트워크 관리를 위해 네트워크 트래픽 분석의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 네트워크 트래픽 분석 방법 중 시그니쳐 기반의 분석 방법론이 많이 사용되고 있으며, 이는 다양한 응용의 증가로 시그니쳐의 탐색 공간 증가에 따라 실시간 트래픽 분석에 문제점이 나타나고 있다. 운영체제 정보를 활용하면 해당 운영체제에서 사용되는 응용의 시그니쳐만을 검색하도록 함으로써 앞선 문제점을 해결할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 실시간 트래픽 분석을 위한 효과적인 운영체제 판별 방법을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 운영체제 판별 방법은 실시간 트래픽 분석에 적합한 가볍고 빠른 수동형 방법을 사용하였으며, 기존 수동형 방법이 가지는 분석률과 정확성이 낮은 문제를 해결하였다. 분석률을 향상시키기 위해 입력데이터를 확장시켰으며, 운영체제 판별을 위한 시그니쳐를 HTTP의 User-Agent를 이용하여 생성함으로써 다양한 운영체제에 대한 시그니쳐를 추출하였다. 또한 기존 패킷 기반의 분석을 플로우 단위의 분석으로 변경함으로써 정확성을 향상시켰다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.184-187
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• 2000

Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) plays an important role in the regulation of various gastric functions, and the growth-inhibitory activities on tumor cells are studied in vitro and in vivo. Although the mechanisms have attracted many researchers in the past decade, the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle arrest, or induction of apoptosis by $PGE_2$, is unclear. We investigated the effects of $PGE_2$ on the growth of the human gastric carcinoma cell line SNU1 and genes that are regulated by $PGE_2$ and isolated them using differential display RT-PCR (DD RT-PCR). FACS analysis suggested that SNU1 cells were arrested at the G1 phase by $PGE_2$ treatment. This growth inhibitory effect was in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of SNU1 cells with $10\;{\mu}g/ml$ $PGE_2$, followed by DD RT-PCR analysis, revealed differently expressed bands patterns from the control. Among the differently expressed clones, we found an unidentified cDNA clone (HGP-27) overexpressed in $PGE_2$-treated cells. The full-length cDNA of HGP-27 was isolated using RACE, which consisted of a 30-nt 5'-noncoding region, a 891-nt ORF encoding the 296 amino acid protein, and a 738-nt 3'-noncoding region including a poly(a) signal. This gene was localized on the short arm of chromosome number 11. Using the Motif Finder program, a myb-DNA binding repeat signature was detected on the ORF region. The COOH-terminal half was shown to have similarity with the $NH_3$-terminal domain of thioredoxin (Trx). This relation between HGP-27 and Trx implied a potential role for HGP-27 in modulating the DNA binding function of a transcription factor, myb.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.113-118
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• 1999

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is found in all vertebrates and its type-II molecule is regarded as a fundamental embryonic growth factor during development. We have firstly identified, in this study, a cDNA clone corresponding to IGF-II (flIGF-II) from the adult brain of the teleost, Paralichthys olivaceus. We also examined the tissue expression of flIGF-II in several adult tissues by RT-PCR. The flIGF-II cDNA contained a complete ORF consisting of 215 amino acids and one stop codon. Its molecular characteristics appear to be similar to the previously identified IGF-II molecules, in which a common primary structure exhibiting B, C, A, D, and E domains is evidently observed. This cDNA clone seems to be cleaved at $Ala_{52}$ for the $NH_2$-end signal peptide and appears to produce a 98 amino acid-long E-peptide from the $Arg^{118}$. The functional B-D domain regions, therefore, include 65 amino acids and is able to encode a 7.4-kDa protein. The most prominent structural difference between IGF-I and IGF-II was that the D domain of IGF-II exhibits a two-codon-deleted pattern compared to the 8 amino acid-containing IGF-I. The insulin family signature in the A domain and six cysteins forming three disulfide bridges between the B and A domains were evolutionary-conserved from teleosts to mammalian IGF-II. Interestingly, the E-peptide region appears to provide a distinct hallmark between teleosts in amino acid composition. The flIGF-II shows 85.1% of sequence identity to salmon and trout, 90.6% to tilapia, and 98.4% to perch in amino acid level. In tissue expressions of IGF-II, it is very likely that flIGF-II has a significant expression in the adult brain. However, liver seems to be the main source for IGF-II production, and relatively low signals were observed in the adult muscle and kidney. Taken together, it would be concluded that the functional region for IGF-II mRNA is highly similar in phylogeny and is evolutionary, conserved as a mediator for the growth of vertebrates.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2009

Naphthalene is bicyclic aromatic compound that is widely used in various domestic and commercial applications including lavatory scent disks, soil fumigants and moth balls. Exposure to naphthalene results in the development of bronchiolar damage, cataracts and hemolytic anemia in humans and laboratory animals. However, little information is available regarding the mechanism of naphthalene toxicity. We investigated gene expression profiles and potential signature genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells after 3 h and 48 h incubation with the IC$_{20}$ and IC$_{50}$ of naphthalene by using 44 k agilent whole human genome oligomicroarray and operon human whole 35 k oligomicroarray, respectively. We identified 616 up-regulated genes and 2,088 down-regulated genes changed by more than 2-fold by naphthalene in HepG2 cells. And in HL-60, we identified 138 up-regulated genes and 182 down-regulated genes changed by more than 2-fold. This study identified several interesting targets and functions in relation to naphthalene-induced toxicity through a gene ontology analysis method. Apoptosis and cell cycle related genes are more commonly expressed than other functional genes in both cell lines. In summary, the use of in vitro models with global expression profiling emerges as a relevant approach toward the identification of biomarkers associated with toxicity after exposure to a variety of environmental toxicants.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.767-773
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• 2012

The esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Understanding molecular changes in ESCC should improve identification of risk factors with different molecular subtypes and provide potential targets for early detection and therapy. Our study aimed to obtain a molecular signature of ESCC through the regulation network based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We used the GSE23400 series to identify potential genes related to ESCC. Based on bioinformatics we constructed a regulation network. From the results, we could establish that many transcription factors and pathways closely related with ESCC were linked by our method. STAT1 also arose as a hub node in our transcriptome network, along with some transcription factors like CCNB1, TAP1, RARG and IFITM1 proven to be related with ESCC by previous studies. In conclusion, our regulation network provided information on important genes which might be useful in investigating the complex interacting mechanisms underlying the disease.

• Mycobiology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.441-448
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• 2019

Two new SAM-dependent methyltransferase encoding genes (fvsmt1 and fvsmt2) were identified from the genome of Flammulina velutipes. In order to make a comprehensive characterization of both genes, we performed in silico analysis of both genes and used qRT-PCR to reveal their expression patterns during the development of F. velutipes. There are 4 and 6 exons with total length of 693 and 978 bp in fvsmt2 and fvsmt1, respectively. The deduced proteins, i.e., FVSMT1 and FVSMT2 contained 325 and 230 amino acids with molecular weight 36297 and 24894 Da, respectively. Both proteins contained a SAM-dependent catalytic domain with signature motifs (I, p-I, II, and III) defining the SAM fold. SAM-dependent catalytic domain is located either in the middle or at the N-terminal of FVSMT2 and FVSMT1, respectively. Alignment and phylogenic analysis showed that FVSMT1 is a homolog to a protein-arginine omega-N-methyltransferase, while FVSMT2 is of cinnamoyl CoA O-methyltransferase type and predicted subcellular locations of these proteins are mitochondria and cytoplasm, respectively. qRT-PCR showed that fvsmt1 and fvsmt2 expression was regulated in different developmental stages. The maximum expression levels of fvsmt1 and fvsmt2 were observed in stipe elongation, while no difference was found in mycelium and pileus. These results positively demonstrate that both the methyltransferase encoding genes are involved in the stipe elongation of F. velutipes.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제36권
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• pp.123-147
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• 2014

The purpose of this essay is three-fold: to trace the genealogy of the Korean musical, which ever since its inception in the 1960s has been seeking to modernize Korean theater with Broadway as a constant role model; to investigate how the national and the global conflict and are conflated in the form of the Korean musical in the process of its (dis)identification with Broadway; and to examine how its intercultural translations reveal and reflect the dilemma and ambivalence posed by globalization in our era. Drawing on Richard Dyer's signature article Entertainment and Utopia, I analyze how the Korean musical manifests and conduits competing utopian impulses of Korean/Global audiences. I also attempt to problematize the formulaic notion of Broadway musicalsthe Superior Other!which implies a global hegemony that does not, in fact, exist because the boundary between the global and the local as well as the power dynamics of global culture are not fixed but constantly moving and changing. Today's musical scene in Korea shows interesting reversals from the 1990s, when Korean producers were eager to debut on Broadway and impress American audiences. Korean producers no longer look up to Broadway as a final destination; instead they want to make Seoul a new Broadway. They import Broadway musicals and turn them into Korean shows. The glamor of Broadway is no longer the main attraction of musicals in Korea. What young audiences look for most is the glamor of K-pop idols and utopian feelings of abundance, energy, intensity, transparency and community, which they can experience live in the musical with their favorite stars right in front of their eyes. In conclusion, I delve into the complex dynamics of recent Korean musicals with Thomas Friedman's theory of Globalization 3.0 as reference. The binary formula of Global/America versus Local/Korea cannot be applied to the dynamic and intercultural musical scene of today. Globalization is not a uniform phenomenon but rather a twofold (multifold) process of global domination and dissemination, in which the global and the local conflict and are conflated constantly. As this study tries to illuminate, the Korean musical has evolved in a huge net of interdependences between the global and the local with a range of sources, powers and influences.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2018

기록관이 운영하는 전시관으로 역사적 평가는 지양하고 객관적 기록물을 통해 대통령에 대한 역사적 사실을 있는 그대로 보여주는 전시가 이루어지도록 해야 한다. 전시분위기는 역사에 대한 기록물의 증거적 가치를 부각하기 위해 엄숙함을 유지하되, 관람객이 편안히 찾아올 수 있는 재미요소 포함해야 한다. 관람인원에 대해서는 360명 동시 수용이 가능하도록하며, 주말이벤트 운영, 기증자 명예의 전당 등을 고려해서 수용인원을 한정하여 운영하는 것도 하나의 방안이 될 듯하다. 본 연구에서는 색채계획과 사인계획 중심의 이미지 통합계획을 수립 제시하여 보았다. 실제 이미지 통합계획은 심볼과 로고에서 시작하여 기본디자인과 응용디자인체계를 통한 통합적이고 체계적인 시스템을 통해서 이루어진다는 측면에서 아쉬움이 많은 사례제시 연구이지만 현장 연출에 필요한 실용측면에서 보면 나름 의미 있는 연구라고 사료된다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.775-784
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• 2019

신규 및 변종 악성코드의 발생으로 모바일, IoT, windows, mac 등 여러 환경에서 악성코드 침해 공격이 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며, 시그니처 기반 탐지의 대응만으로는 악성코드 탐지에 한계가 존재한다. 또한, 난독화, 패킹, Anti-VM 기법의 적용으로 분석 성능이 저하되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 유사성 해시 기반의 패턴 탐지 기술과 패킹에 따른 파일 분류 후의 정적 분석 적용으로 기계학습 기반 악성코드 식별이 가능한 시스템을 제안한다. 이는 기존에 알려진 악성코드의 식별에 강한 패턴 기반 탐지와 신규 및 변종 악성코드 탐지에 유리한 기계학습 기반 식별 기술을 모두 활용하여 보다 효율적인 탐지가 가능하다. 본 연구 결과물은 정보보호 R&D 데이터 챌린지 2018 대회의 AI기반 악성코드 탐지 트랙에서 제공하는 정상파일과 악성코드를 대상으로 95.79% 이상의 탐지정확도를 도출하여 분석 성능을 확인하였다. 향후 지속적인 연구를 통해 패킹된 파일의 특성에 맞는 feature vector와 탐지기법을 추가 적용하여 탐지 성능을 높이는 시스템 구축이 가능할 것으로 기대한다.