• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.47-55
• /
• 2000

To date many software engineering cost models have been developed to predict cost, schedule, and effort of the software under development. The COCOMO Ⅱ is well- suited for the new software development life cycle such as non-sequential and rapid- development processes. The traditional regression approach based on the least square criterion is the most commonly used technique for empirical calibration in the COCOMO Ⅱ model. It has a few assumptions frequently violated by software engineering data sets. The source data is also generally imprecise in reporting size effort, and cost-driver ratings, particularly across different organizations. And that the outlier for the source data is a peculiarity and indicates a data point. To cope with difficulties, in this paper, we propose a new regression method for calibrating COCOMO Ⅱ post-architecture model based on the minimum relative error(MRE) criterion. The characteristic of the proposed method is insensitive to the extreme values of the data in the empirical calibration. As the experimental results, It is evident that our proposed calibration method MRE was shown to be superior to the traditional regression approach for model calibration, as illustrated by the values obtained for standard deviation(^σ), and prediction at level LPRED(L) measures.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.420-429
• /
• 2006

In the zoom lens of digital still cameras with the variation of the image plane generated by various symmetric error factors such as curvature, thickness and refractive index error of each lens surface about the optic axis, we induce a theoretical condition to fix constantly the image plane by translating the compensator group of the zoom lens by using the Gaussian bracket. We confirm the validity of this condition by using three examples of general zoom lens types with 3, 4, and 5 groups, respectively. When these error factors are randomly changed within the range of tolerance according to the Monte Carlo method, we verify that the distributions of the degree of moving of the compensator are normal distributions at three zoom lens types. From capability analysis using these results, we theoretically propose the method estimating the standard deviation, that is, sigma-level, as a function of the maximum movement of the compensator.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.27 no.12
• /
• pp.1279-1290
• /
• 2018

Sea gulls are high trophic level consumers in the coastal environment, and thus, which have been widely used to monitor contamination biomagnified through a food web. However, such monitoring studies using sea gulls have been rare in the Korean literature. The National Environmental Specimen Bank chose eggs of a black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) to serve as an environmental specimen for the long-term monitoring of the coastal ecosystem affected by terrestrial pollutants. Black-tailed gull eggs were collected from Baengnyeongdo, Hongdo and Uleungdo, and their DDTs and total mercury content were determined. The highest concentration of ${\Sigma}DDTs$ was $231.6{\pm}106.1{\mu}g/kg$ wet in Baengnyeongdo, followed by $230.0{\pm}123.8{\mu}g/kg$ wet in Ulleungdo, and $117.7{\pm}18.3{\mu}g/kg$ wet in Hongdo. In addition, total mercury was detected at $414.5{\pm}97.6{\mu}g/kg$ wet in Ulleungdo, $363.9{\pm}123.6{\mu}g/kg$ wet in Hongdo, and $237.5{\pm}42.3{\mu}g/kg$ wet in Baengnyeongdo. Relatively high concentrations of the target pollutants were recorded in specimens from Ulleungdo. Additional comprehensive and prolonged studies are required to elucidate spatial and temporal patterns of contamination in black-tailed gull eggs with regard to monitoring contaminant trends in eggs and prey.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.197-208
• /
• 2023

Dysregulation of certain long non-coding RNAs may facilitate tumor initiation and progression. However, numerous carcinogenesis-related long noncoding RNAs have not been characterized. The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of LINC00562 in gastric cancer (GC). The expression of LINC00562 was analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting. The proliferative capacity of GC cells was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony-formation assays. The migration of GC cells were evaluated using wound-healing assays. The apoptosis of GC cells was assessed by measuring the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and Bcl-2). Xenograft models in nude mice were constructed for in vivo functional analysis of LINC00562. The binding relationship between miR-4636 and LINC00562 or adaptor protein complex 1 sigma 3 (AP1S3), obtained from public databases, was confirmed using dual-luciferase and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation experiments. LINC00562 was expressed in GC cells at high levels. Knockdown of LINC00562 repressed GC cell growth and migration, promoted apoptosis in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in nude mouse models. LINC00562 directly targeted miR-4636, and miR-4636 depletion restored the GC cell behavior inhibited by LINC00562 absence. AP1S3, an oncogene, binds to miR-4636. MiR-4636 downregulation increased AP1S3 level, restoring GC cell malignant behaviors inhibited by AP1S3 downregulation. Thus, LINC00562 exerts carcinogenic effects on GC development by targeting miR-4636-mediated AP1S3 signaling.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 2009

In this study, the relations of cone tip resistances (qc) and DMT indices of cemented sand are analyzed from a series of calibration chamber tests. The experimental results show that, with increasing the cementation level, three DMT indices also increase. The CPT and DMT do not appear to properly reflect the cementation effect of sand, since the penetration induces the damage of cementation. Nevertheless, the DMT is more sensitive to deformation characteristics of cemented sand than CPT. It is also observed that the $E_D/q_c$ ratio of cemented sand is larger than that of uncemented sand. However, the $K_D-q_c/{\sigma}_v'$ relation is independant of cementation, unlike the result of previous study. In addition, this study evaluates the constrained modulus and cohesion intercept of cemented sand using the relation between cone resistance and dilatometer constrained modulus ($M_D$).

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 1997

Purpose : To determine the age-specific seropositivity and the level of measles specific IgG in vaccinated adolescents, the measles specific IgG titers were measured from the sera of junior & senior high school students in Seoul, Korea. Methods : From May to July in 1996, 216 sera were collected from junior & senior high school students(male : 110, female : 106) aged 12 to 17 years who were vaccinated and had no history of natural measles. Measles specific IgG titers were measured using ELISA method($SIA^{TM}$ Measles IgG Kit, Sigma Co. St. Louis, Mo). Results : The seropositivity of measles specific IgG in vaccinated adolescents aged 12 to 17 years was 91.2%. There were no significant correlations between age and seropositivity as well as between age and measles specific IgG level. Conclusions : We consider that our data suggest the necessity of revaccination of measles in adolescents. Further considerations should be required to establish an appropriate revaccination method and to evaluate the efficacy of revaccination of previously vaccinated adolescents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 2012

An experiment was conducted to compare the effect of the same amount of 18:2 offered either as 18:2n-6 or as a mixture of unprotected 18:2c9t11 and 18:2t10c12 on feed intake, milk components as well as plasma and milk fatty acid profile. Fifteen cows were blocked by milk yield and milk fat percentage and within block assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 5). Each cow passed a 12-d adjustment period (AP) on a basal diet. After the AP cows received 1 of 3 supplements during an 18-d experimental period (EP). The supplements contained either 1.0 kg ground sunflower seeds (S), 0.5 kg conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-oil (C) or 0.75 kg of a mixture of ground sunflower seeds and CLA-oil (2:1; SC). All 3 supplements contained the same amount of 18:2 either as CLA (${\Sigma}18$:2c9t11+18:2t10c12, 1:1) or as 18:2c9c12. During the last 2 d of AP and the last 4 d of EP feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily and milk samples were collected at each milking. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on d 11 of AP and d 15 and 18 of EP. The 18:2 intake increased in all treatments from AP to EP. Regardless of the amount of supplemented CLA, the milk fat percentage decreased by 2.35 and 2.10%-units in treatment C and SC, respectively, whereas in the treatment S the decrease was with 0.99%-unit less pronounced. Thus, C and SC cows excreted daily a lower amount of milk fat than S cows. The concentration of trans 18:1 in the plasma and the milk increased from AP to EP and increased with increasing dietary CLA supply. While the concentration of 18:2c9t11 and 18:2t10c12 in the plasma and that of 18:2t10c12 in the milk paralleled dietary supply, the level of 18:2c9t11 in the milk was similar in C and CS but still lower in S. Although the dietary concentration of CLA was highest in treatment C, the partial replacement of CLA by sunflower seeds had a similar inhibitory effect on milk fat synthesis. Comparable 18:2c9t11 levels in the milk in both CLA treatments implies that this isomer is subjected to greater biohydrogenation with increasing supply than 18:2t10c12. The fact that unprotected 18:2t10c12 escaped biohydrogenation in sufficient amounts to affect milk fat synthesis reveals opportunities to develop feeding strategies where reduced milk fat production is desirable or required by the metabolic state of the cow.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.74-91
• /
• 2015

Background and Objective : Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease at the mucosa and is associated with excess production of Th2 cytokine and eosinophil accumulation in lung.Gamchomahwang-tangextract(GME) is one of the well known prescription used in oriental medicine for treating asthma. This study was designed to compare the anti-asthmatic effect of GME according to the ratio of 2 compounds.Methods : To examine the effects of GME on asthma, mice were sensitized with 100 ㎍ of OVA and 1 ㎎ of aluminum potassium sulfate(Alum; Sigma) intraperitoneally on day 1 and 15. From day 22, mice were challenged on 3 consecutive days with 5% OVA. The anti-asthmatic effects of GME were evaluated by enhanced pause(Penh), bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF), inflammatory cytokine production and genes expression, serum IgE production. and histological change in lung tissue. GMEⅠ consists of ES and GU in the proportion 2:1(300 ㎎/㎏ group), GMEⅡ consist of ES and GU in the proprtion 4:1(300 ㎎/㎏ group).Results : GMEⅠ,Ⅱ generally inhibited lung inflammation, inflammatory cells infiltration and cytokine production and gene expression such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF and serum IgE level. GMEⅡ significantly reduced the cytokine production and gene expression such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF and GMEⅠ decreased cytokine production of IL-4, IL-13 in BALF and gene expression of IL-4, IL-5 in Lung. GMEⅡ potently inhibited the development of Penh and also reduced the number of eosinophil during OVA-induced AHR(airway hyper-reactivity). Overall the results show that GMEⅡ has more effect on inhibiting production, gene expression of cytokine, serum IgE level and development of Penh than GMEⅠ. Consequently, GMEⅡ might be more effective than GMEⅠ at inhibiting allergic asthma on the OVA-induced mice model.Conclusion : These results indicate that GME has a deep inhibitory effects on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice model of asthma and that suppression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 expression and decrease of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 production in BALF might contribute this effect. Hence, the results indicate that GME might be useful herbal medicine of allergic asthma. As a result, GMEⅡ mght be superior to GMEⅠ in the aspect of anti-asthmatic effect on the OVA-induced mice model.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.332-339
• /
• 2012

Horizontal distributions and their ecotoxicological implications relating to organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in surface sediments sampled from the West Nakdong River. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in surface sediments were in the range of 0.57-3.68, 0.41-8.35, 0.63-1.65, and n.d.-0.56 ng/g, respectively. DDTs represent the major OC in the West Nakdong River. Concentrations of PCBs and DDTs correlate with the total organic carbon (PCBs: r=0.874, p<0.001, and DDTs: r=0.762, p<0.05, respectively), indicating that organic content in the sediments is one of the major factors for influencing horizontal distribution of the organochlorine compounds in this river. Examining the potential poisonous character of the surface sediments to benthic organisms according to the sediment quality guideline (SQG), set out by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), we found that the concentrations of total PCBs, p,p'-DDD, and ${\gamma}$-HCH were lower than the effects range-low (ER-L) and the probable effects level (PEL). As a result, it is considered that the effect of organochlorines in the region considered on benthic organisms is very low from the perspective of environmental toxicology. However, in terms of the Canadian SQC, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and total DDTs, respectively, exceeded the interim sediment quality guidelines (ISQG) and the threshold effect level (TEL) in 30%, 17%, and 19%, respectively, of the sediment samples analyzed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.310-323
• /
• 1983

To study the effect of foaming agent on the production and property of light weight concrete, the tests of compressive, tensile, bending strengths and absorption rates of mortar were done under the different mixing ratio with J, A and D foaming agents. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The strengths were decreased in richer mixing ratio and more addition of foaming agent. The decrease of strengths was the greatest at the level of 0.75% of foaming agent. The decreasing rate of strengths was in order of J, A and D foaming agent. 2. At the mixing ratio of 1:1, ${\sigma}_{28}$ and 0.75% of foaming agent, the compressive strength was decreased up to 34.9% by D, 47.8% by A and 86.8% by J foaming agent, respectively, the tensile strength was decreased up to 14.8% by D, 20.2% by A and 77.9% by J foaming agent, respectively, bending strength was decreased up to 19.9% by D, 35.0% by A and 79.1% by J foaming agent, respectively. The decrease of compressive strength was more severe than that of tensile and bending strengths. 3. The absorption rates were increased in poorer mixing ratio and more addition of foaming agent. The absorption rate was significantly higher at the early stage of immersed water. The absorption rate was in order of J, A and D foaming agent. 4. The decrease of strengths was inevitable in cement-mortar with foaming agent, but the cement mortar with foaming agent has such the properties of the light-weight, lnsulation, Keeping-warmth, sound proof and fire-proof that if could be utilized to the constructions which need low strengths.