• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.621-639
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• 2000

High population and economic growth leads to ever increasing demand for water resources, prompting many regional conflicts for the water. With the observation, this paper examines the allocation problem of flowing water between upstream and downstream regions, We offer a two- region model in which the downstream region pays a portion of product to the upstream region in order to induce the upstream region to share the water. Our model shows that the "side-payment" does not always work, because the ex post income of the downstream region could be lower than the income without the side-payment This happens when the externality the upstream region imposes on the downstream region is small. The paper derives the condition under which the incentive mechanism like side-payment is likely to fail (or work). The model also shows that the higher the degree of externality is, the less amount of side-payment should be. The results of the paper suggest that the incentive scheme can help the regional conflicts be solved if the externality effect generated by the water use of upstream region is big enough, which is in fact the case where the conflict is severe.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.65-80
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• 2006

This paper proposes a new infrastructure that supports divisible card payment where a combination of multiple credit cards can be used for a single purchase. The divisible card payment infrastructure modifies the existing payment system in two ways. First, the V-Card Manager(VCM) is added to the merchant side to handle the divisible card approval process from respective credit-card issuers. Second, the V-Card Agent(VA) is added to the customer side and generates a customized divisible card, called V-Card, based on the customer's preferences. This paper provides a customizing card payment method that supports divisible payments based on profits and preferences of customers.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2017

Background: Korea set up new diagnosis related group (DRG) as demonstration project in 2009. The new DRG was reformed in 2016. The main purpose of study is to identify the effect of reform on accuracy of payment. Methods: This study collected inpatient data from a hospital which contains medical information and cost from 2015 to 2016. The dependent variables were accuracy of total, bundled, unbundled payment, and payment for procedures. To analyze the effect of reform, this study conducted a multi-variate regression analysis adjusting for confounding variables. Results: The accuracy of payment increased after policy reform. The accuracy of total, bundled, unbundled payment, and payment for procedures significantly increased 3.90%, 2.92%, 9.03%, and 14.57% after policy reform, respectively. The accuracy of unbundled payment showed the largest increase among dependent variables. Conclusion: The results of study imply that policy reform enhanced the accuracy of payment. The government needs to monitor side effects such as increase of non-covered services. Also, leads to a considerable improvement in the value of cost unit accounting as a strategic play a role in development of DRG.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.367-385
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• 2004

This study offers the possibility of water allocation between upstream and downstream regions by side payment. In the case of river water, water use of an upstream region affect a downstream region's water use but not vise versa. In this case, the downstream region wants to secure stable water by suggesting side payment to the upper region. We examine the maximum compensation of the downstream region for acquiring additional water. Also we compare each region's total benefits between the cases with and without cooperation. The result of empirical study show that there was a Pareto improvement when two region cooperate in the water use. Also the amount of side payment depend on the degree of shortage of water and both regions are satisfied with the water allocation result by voluntary negotiation.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1-19
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper aims at analyzing the functions and effectiveness of the cooperation agenda in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), focusing on the cases of Asian countries. This paper estimates the contribution of this agenda to the sustainable development in Asia by providing the 'side payment' of the economic integration that encourages foreign investment and change in global value chains (GVC). Design/methodology - This study analyzes the functions of the cooperation chapter in FTAs by applying the cooperative game theory and reviewing the structures of the related FTAs. Also, as an empirical study, the existing FTA provisions and related development assistant programs in Asia are reviewed in this paper, especially focusing on the FTAs signed by Korea. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: The drawback of the economic integration, which would be the imbalanced economic benefit, can be redressed by the cooperation chapter in FTAs functioning as a 'side payment'. Indeed, as the examples of Korean FTAs show, more foreign investment and the GVC expansion in Asian countries have been encouraged thanks to the implementation of the cooperation chapters. Originality/value - This paper attempts to find how a legally binding agreement would influence the cooperation agenda in Asia which has never been analyzed despite the increasing number of so-called 'cooperation' chapters in the FTAs.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.13-20
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• 2016

Biometric authentication for account-based mobile payment continues to gain attention because of improvements on sensors that can collect biometric information. We propose an enhanced method for mobile payment security based on biometric authentication. In this mobile payment system, the communication between the user and the relying party is based on public key infrastructure. This method secures both the key and the biometric template in the user side using fuzzy vault biometric cryptosystems, which is based on non-random chaff point generator. In this paper, we consider an important process for the common fuzzy vault system, that is, the feature extraction method. We evaluate various feature extraction methods to enhance the accurate performance of the system.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.484-492
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• 2016

Smart grid (SG) technology is now elevating the conventional power grid system to one that functions more cooperatively, responsively, and economically. When applied in an SG the demand side management (DSM) technique can improve its reliability by dynamically changing electricity consumption or rescheduling it. In this paper, we propose a new SG scheduling scheme that uses the DSM technique. To achieve effective SG management, we adopt a mixed pricing strategy based on the Rubinstein-Stahl bargaining game and a repeated game model. The proposed game-based pricing strategy provides energy routing for effective energy sharing and allows consumers to make informed decisions regarding their power consumption. Our approach can encourage consumers to schedule their power consumption profiles independently while minimizing their payment and the peak-to-average ratio (PAR). Through a simulation study, it is demonstrated that the proposed scheme can obtain a better performance than other existing schemes in terms of power consumption, price, average payment, etc.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.78-98
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to categorize the contribution evasion and develop the expected models for contribution arrears in National Health Care System. The modified logistic regression model in non-payments was used as logistic regression model based on the statistical method. By using this model, we arranged non-payment types and typical branches those are appeared by statistical technique. First fact, sex and age branches those are able to take a part in economy had effect mostly. Also they had difference in non-payment probability by existence of their incomes and property. Especially people who didn't have their own house and car were appeared in high non-payment probability, disease and reduction characteristic(rare diseases, reduction of seniors, handicaps, numbers of medical treatments) didn't effect much in probability. The reason for some characteristic of non-payment which is higher than the correct threshold value of Logistic Regression Model (a suggested model for predicting non-payment)'s distribution of probability was mostly moral hazard. Living difficulty was the bigger reason for non-payment, but moral slackening was the bigger reason for non-payment. But it is careless to decide that moral hazard is just the reason, there is a necessity to examine on the side of sociology based in family. By the reason, the member's non-payment reason can be classified by economy, population, and psychology, but there was a comprehension that losing of work desire could be one reason. So we analyzed informations for composition of family of members. In conclusion, we grasped that family conflict makes non-payment and conversion of member in the National Basic Livelihood Protection System difficult.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.337-342
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• 2007

This paper proposes Electronic Credit Card(EMV) processing procedures for a credit payment method which can be applied to Korean ETCS(Electrical Toll Collection System). In Korea, Korea Highway Corporation services contactless ETCS's called by Hi-Pass and Touch-Pass system at present. These systems operate on a pre-paid payment method similar to electronic money. On the other side, a credit payment method based on credit card has an advantage which does not require pre-paid. The introduction of credit payment method to ETCS is in preparation. In this paper, we propose EMV processing methods based on a credit payment method which can be applied on ETCS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.104-107
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose the coordination scheme in a single-manufacturer-multiple-retailer supply chain system. Traditionally, the bargaining power of the single manufacturer is superior to those of retailers. The business environment supported by the e-business scheme may give rise to new business behavior. The multitude of retailer requests the manufacturer to relax the his unilateral lot-sizing policy while they are willing to compensate more than the manufacturer's expected loss caused by abandon his superior bargaining power. The side payment aggregated by the multiple retailers is transferred to the manufacturer according to the degree of the manufacturer's relaxation from the current unilateral lot-sizing policy.