• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3239-3245
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• 2014

Background: College students are recommended as the target groups for catch-up human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Systematical exploration of awareness, acceptability, and decision-making factors of HPV vaccination among Chinese college students has been limited. Materials and Methods: A multi-center survey was conducted in mainland China between November 2011 and May 2012. College students aged 18-22 years were stratified by their grade, gender, and major for sampling. Socio-demographic and HPV-related information such as knowledge, perceptions, acceptability, and attitudes were collected through a questionnaire. Results: A total of 3,497 undergraduates completed the questionnaire, among which 1,686 were males. The acceptability of the HPV vaccine was high (70.8%). Undergraduates from high-level universities, at lower grade, or with greater prior knowledge of HPV vaccines showed higher acceptability of HPV vaccination ($p_{trend}$ <0.001). Additionally, undergraduates with vaccination experience outside the National Expanded Program on Immunization (OR=1.29; 95%CI: 1.10-1.51) or fear of HPV-related diseases (OR=2.79; 95%CI: 2.28-3.41) were more willing to accept HPV vaccination. General knowledge of HPV vaccine was low among undergraduates, and safety was a major concern (71.05%). The majority of students wished to pay less than 300RMB for HPV vaccine and chose the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention as the most appropriate venue for vaccination. Conclusions: Although most undergraduates demonstrate positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination, challenges pertaining to introduction exist in China. Corresponding proactive education and governmental subsidy to do so are urgently needed by this age-group population. Suggestions and potential strategies indicated may help shape the future HPV vaccination program in China.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.104-135
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• 2016

This paper aims to consider history and value of the Mingshansi Grottoes, a complex of Buddhist rock sculptures in Anyue County, Sichuan Province, China. Mingshansi Shiku, not that far from Baodingshan Grottoes at Dazu District, Chongqing City, is an important art work of Liu Benzun sect. Even though there are not many niches and sculptures in the Mingshansi Shiku, it was designated as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level due to its large scale and highly valued art works in it. In the Mingshansi Grottoes there is not any information inscribed on the rockface about when the grottoes were established. Because a stone pagoda, which had information about when and by whom they were established, was collapsed, some scholars considered them to be made in North Song or early Southern Song Dynasties based only on the artistic style of sculptures of the grottoes. The School of Archaeology and Museology at Peking University recently carried out a survey documenting the Mingshansi Grottoes, and thereby the school gives an important material for studying the grottoes. The grottoes consist of a Dharma-protection Warrior niche, a statue of Guanyin and Dashizhi seated together, a standing Mahavairocana statue, a standing Manjushuri statue, a standing Wenshu and Puxian statue, a Turning Dharma-wheel pagoda (轉法輪塔 Zhuanfalunta) of Zhao Zhifeng, the founder of Liu Benzun sect. These statues are considered to be produced by an overall master plan in the Middle or Late Period of the Southern Song. The Shiku is believed to be a site at which Zhao Zhifeng performed some Buddhist rites such as Water and Land Rituals (水陸法會 Shuilufahui). Income of the ritual was also a major part of the funding for establishing large-scale Baoding Shiku at Dazu District, Chongqing City.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2012

Objectives: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C)and vascular endothelial growth factor feceptor-3 (VEGFR-3) in laryngeal squamous carcinoma and its relationship to lymph node metastasis were investigated. Methods: VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 gene expression in 30 cases of normal laryngeal mucosa tissue (NLM), primary laryngeal carcinoma cell carcinomas (PLC) and cervical lymph nodes (CLN) was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein levels of VEGF-C expression were determined by immunohistochemical staining in 60 cases of PLC. Results: Expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 different among NLM, PLC and CLN in the same patient. In PLC, expression was significantly higher in lymph node positive group than in the lymph node negative group and associated with histological grade of differentiation; Expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 was not linked with age, sex, site or T stage. Conclusions: A close correlation was found between VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 expression and lymph node metastasis in PLC, suggesting a role in metastasis of laryngeal carcinomas.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5665-5669
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• 2012

Background: The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mediates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis through promoting endothelial cell growth, migration and mitosis, and has involvement in cancer pathogenesis, progression and metastasis. However, the prognostic value of VEGF in patients with prostate cancer remains controversial. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic value of VEGF in prostate cancer, and summarise the results of related research on VEGF. Methods: In accordance with an established search strategy, 11 studies with 1,529 patients were included in our meta-analysis. The correlation of VEGF-expression with overall survival and progression-free survival was evaluated by hazard ratio, either given or calculated. Results: The studies were categorized by introduction of the author, demographic data in each study, prostate cancer-relatived information, VEGF cut-off value, VEGF subtype, methods of hazard ratio (HR) estimation and its 95% confidence interval (CI). High VEGF-expression in prostate cancer is a poor prognostic factor with statistical significance for OS (HR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.40-3.24). However, high VEGF-expression showed no effect on poor PFS (HR=1.30, 95%CI: 0.88-1.72). Using Begg's, Egger's test and funnel plots, we confirmed lack of publication bias in our analysis. Conclusion: VEGF might be regarded as a prognostic maker for prostate cancer, as supported by our meta-analysis. To achieve a more definitive conclusion enabling the clinical use of VEGF in prostate cancer, we need more high-quality interventional original studies following agreed research approaches or standards.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2791-2794
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• 2012

Aims: We conducted a case-control study in a Chinese population to clarify the association between polymorphisms in ERCC1 and XPD and susceptibility and survival of glioma. Methods: A total of 393 cases and 410 controls were selected from March 2007 to December 2011. Genotyping of ERCC1 and XPD was conducted by TaqMan assays using the ABI Prism 7911HT Sequence Detection System. All analyses were performed using the STATA statistical package. Results: Polymorphisms in ERCC1 118C/T, ERCC1 8092C/A and XPD Asp312Asn showed no statistically significant difference between glioma cases and controls. However, individuals with the XPD 751Gln/Gln genotype had an increased risk of developing glioma compared with those with the Lys/Lys genotype (adjusted OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.06-2.89). The ERCC1 118T/T genotype was associated with significantly higher median survival than the ERCC1 C/C genotype (HR=0.67, 95%CI=0.35-0.96). In addition, individuals with XPD 751Gln/Gln had a lower median survival time than XPD Lys/Lys carriers (HR=0.54, 95%CI=0.37-0.93). Conclusion: In conclusion, we observed that the XPD 751Gln/Gln genotype is associated with glioma susceptibility, and ERCC1 118 T/T and XPD 751Gln/Gln genotypes confer a significantly better prognosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.29
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• pp.345-382
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• 1995

The type printing of first Ch'ing dynasty term in China is worthy to be studied because the type printing during that period included metal type, wood type, and clay type as well as the development phase was similar to Chosun dynasty culturally and technologically. This paper studied typography during the first Ch'ing dynasty term, including Shunzhi(1662-1722), Yongaheng(1723-1735), Qianlong(1736-1795), Jiaqing(1796­1820) period. The main results of the study is as follows. 1. The main body of type printing was bookstore, lecture-hall, and individual as well as the royal court that is the central government. 2. The content of type edition covers classics, history, philosophy, and literary works. Specifically, even though Wuyingdienjuzhenban series is excluded, the content includs study of the classics, class of the history, class of the philosophy, literature works that include collection works and novel and government official bulletin. 3. The printing technique of bronze type was very popular In Beijing. Jiangsu, and Taiwan. It's scale and production technique was more elaborate than in Ming dynasty. 4. Wood type was very popular in Beijing, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Sichuan, and Fujian. In addition to wood type, chinese ware type was applied to book printing in Shandong. However, most of them were wood type and they were used after Qianlong period. 5. The production technique of type was skilled enough to present the fine view of a style of type. The typesetting technique was improved as much as woodblock printing. With regard to the making technology of Chinese ink, the light and darkness of chinese ink was not even sometimes. But, the technology was improved significantly when comparing with the failure experience of printing that chinese ink was not developed in early type invention. 6. In case that the book was printed in bookstore with the intention of profit and the number of book was large, the proofreading attitude was rough. However, overally, it was made correction carefully applying the various methods of proofreading. 7. The support of government made a great contribution in the area of all printing technology, including production, typesetting, and brushing of type.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.467-476
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• 2015

Finger vein recognition, which is a promising biometric method for identity authentication, has attracted significant attention. Considerable research focuses on transmission-type finger vein recognition, but this type of authentication is difficult to implement in mobile consumer devices. Therefore, reflection-type finger vein recognition should be developed. In the reflection-type vein recognition field, the majority of researchers concentrate on palm and palm dorsa patterns, and only a few pay attention to reflection-type finger vein recognition. Thus, this paper presents reflection-type finger vein recognition for biometric application that can be integrated into mobile consumer devices. A database is built to test the proposed algorithm. A novel method of region-of-interest localization for a finger vein image is introduced, and a scheme for effectively extracting finger vein features is proposed. Experiments demonstrate the feasibility of reflection-type finger vein recognition.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2011

To elucidate the taxonomic status of the genus Megaleranthis Ohwi, a monotype in Korea, its distribution and morphological characteristics were studied and a cluster analysis was performed. The cluster analysis showed that Megaleranthis was separately clustered from Trollius and Calathodes. Megaleranthis is morphologically different from Calathodes Hook.f. et Thomson in having petals, and from Trollius L. in having an involucre instead of a caulescent leaf under the flower and follicles with simple veins. The three genera above are distributed independently within Asia, although they can be found together at the boundaries where their distributions overlap: Trollius and Calathodes occur together between the Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in China, and Megaleranthis and Trollius can both be found on the northern edge of the Korean Peninsula. From both a morphological and a distributional viewpoint, Megaleranthis should be recognized as an independent genus different from both Trollius and Calathodes.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.75 no.6
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• pp.675-684
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• 2020

An innovative retrofit method using pre-stressed steel strips and externally-bonded steel plates was presented in this paper. With the aim of exploring the seismic performance of the retrofitted RC interior joints, four 1/2-scale retrofitted joint specimens together with one control specimen were designed and subjected to constant axial compression and cyclic loading, with the main test parameters being the volume of steel strips and the existence of externally-bonded steel plates. The damage mechanism, force-displacement hysteretic response, force-displacement envelop curve, energy dissipation and displacement ductility ratio were analyzed to investigate the cyclic behavior of the retrofitted joints. The test results indicated that all the test specimens suffered a typical shear failure at the joint core, and the application of externally-bonded steel plates and that of pre-stressed steel strips could effectively increase the lateral capacity and deformability of the deficient RC interior joints, respectively. The best cyclic behavior could be found in the deficient RC interior joint retrofitted using both externally-bonded steel plates and pre-stressed steel strips due to the increased lateral capacity, displacement ductility and energy dissipation. Finally, based on the test results and the softened strut and tie model, a theoretical model for determining the shear capacity of the retrofitted specimens was proposed and validated.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.73-92
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• 2019

Disasters and crises are spreading across the globe, and there has been an increase in the number disasters in northeast Asia, such as earthquakes in Sichuan, China, and East Japan. This study aims to propose a plan to attract facilities from the United Nations Humanitarian Response Depot (UNHRD). Although there are no prior domestic studies, the study focuses on the role of intangible benefits, values, and economic outcomes in attracting facilities. Based on an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of Korea's host environment, using the UN's annual report and Korea's overseas emergency relief data, the study will analyze the status of relevant UN organizations and derive detailed strategies. In order to attract facilities from the UNHRD, it will be necessary to build and promote a cooperative system with domestic and foreign NGO experts in humanitarian assistance and joint proposals from government departments and local governments. In the long-run, it will be necessary to work closely with the relevant UN agencies to achieve strategic progress.